Unit 1 Book Notes Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Biology
A
Scientific study of living things (organisms)
2
Q
Life
A
Response to environment, reproduction, growth and development, energy professing regulation, order, evolutionary adaption
3
Q
What are the 3 domains?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
4
Q
Bacteria and Archaea are:
A
Prokaryotes
5
Q
Eukarya are
A
Eukaryotes
6
Q
Common origin of life occurred when
A
4 billion years ago
7
Q
What are the common characteristics among organisms?
A
Chemical components, cells (building blocks), convert molecules, energy, genetics, fundamental set of genes, evolve, regulate internal environment
8
Q
When did the earth form?
A
4.5-4.6 billion years ago
9
Q
Biological molecules form (blank) in environment.
A
Chemicals
10
Q
Nucleic acids
A
Molecules that could reproduce themselves and also serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins
11
Q
Proteins
A
Large molecules with complex but stable shapes
12
Q
Cell specialization
A
Enabled multicellular eukaryotes to increase in size and become efficient at gathering resources and adapting to the environment
13
Q
What occurred 2.5 billion years ago that allowed for eukaryotes to survive?
A
Photosynthesis
14
Q
Photosynthesis
A
Energy from the sun to synthesize molecules to break into metabolic energy (food)
15
Q
What did photosynthesis lead to?
A
An abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere
16
Q
Aerobic metabolism
A
A biochemical process that uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrient molecules (more efficient)
17
Q
Anaerobic metabolism
A
No oxygen required
18
Q
The average gene has how many nucleotides?
A
16,000
19
Q
Genome
A
Sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of its cells
20
Q
DNA
A
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- molecules are long sequences of four different subunits
21
Q
Nucleotides
A
Building blocks of DNA
C,G,T,A
22
Q
Genes
A
Specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to create amino acids and form them into proteins
23
Q
What happens when a gene is replicated wrong?
A
Mutation
24
Q
Population
A
Group of individuals of the same type of organism that interact with one another
25
Evolution
Acts on a population
Change in the genetic makeup of biological populations
Major unifying principle of biology
26
Natural selection
Differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population
27
Adaptations
Structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organisms chances or survival and reproduction in its environment
28
Phylogenetic trees
Portray the evolutionary histories of the different groups of organisms
29
Binomial
Distinctive scientific names
| Genus and species
30
Genus
Group of species that share a recent common ancestor
31
Biological hierarchy
Tissues (assemblage of differentiated cells)- organs (group of tissue for specific function)- organ systems
32
Community
Populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area
33
Ecosystem
Community and non living area (interactions create adaptations)
34
Homeostasis
Maintenance of physiological conditions that support survival and function controlled by regulatory systems but individual feels must self regulate
35
Genome
Sum total of all the DNA molecules contained in each of its cells
36
DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
| - molecules are long sequences of four different subunits
37
Nucleotides
Building blocks of DNA
| C,G,T,A
38
Genes
Specific segments of DNA that encode the information the cell uses to create amino acids and form them into proteins
39
What happens when a gene is replicated wrong?
Mutation
40
Population
Group of individuals of the same type of organism that interact with one another
41
Evolution
Acts on a population
Change in the genetic makeup of biological populations
Major unifying principle of biology
42
Natural selection
Differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population
43
Adaptations
Structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organisms chances or survival and reproduction in its environment
44
Phylogenetic trees
Portray the evolutionary histories of the different groups of organisms
45
Binomial
Distinctive scientific names
| Genus and species
46
Genus
Group of species that share a recent common ancestor
47
Biological hierarchy
Tissues (assemblage of differentiated cells)- organs (group of tissue for specific function)- organ systems
48
Community
Populations of all the species that live and interact in a defined area
49
Ecosystem
Community and non living area (interactions create adaptations)
50
Homeostasis
Maintenance of physiological conditions that support survival and function controlled by regulatory systems but individual feels must self regulate
51
Observation
Basic tool of biology/ need to quantify data observed
52
Inductive logic
Taking observations or facts and creating a new proposition that is compatible with those observations
53
Hypothesis
Tentative proposition that must be testable and have the potential to be rejected
54
Deductive logic
Starts with a statement believed to be true (hypothesis) and then goes on to predict what facts would also have to be true to be compatible with that statement
55
Controlled experiment
Manipulates one or more of the factors being tested
| Start with similar groups and preform on the basis that one variable is manipulated while all others are held constant
56
Comparative experiments
Compare unmanipulated data gathered from different sources
| Start with prediction of different groups and cannot control variables
57
Independent variable
Manipulated
58
Dependent variable
Response measured
59
Null hypothesis
Premise that any observed differences are simply the result of random differences that arise from drawing two finite samples from the same population
60
Model systems
Extend findings to other organisms
61
Humans depend on...
Living organisms that use oxygen produced by photosynthesis
62
Agriculture improved because of biology why
Knowledge of plant biology = increase in food
63
What is an example of a recent policy issue biology affected?
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna management problem
| -separate fishing quotas didn't help mix in breeding across west and east
64
Explain amphibian example
Atrazine danger to amphibians led to the natural resources defense council to take legal action
65
Understanding how biological populations respond to climate change requires what
The integration of biological principles from molecular bio to ecosystem ecology
66
Natural history
How organisms get their food, reproduce, behave, regulate their internal environments, and interact with other organisms
67
Macromolecule =
Proteins, polysaccharides, DNA
68
Nucleotide sequence is essential to what
DNA function
69
Nucleic acids
Polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information
70
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
| Encodes hereditary info used to specify amino acids
71
Proteins carry out what
Life functions
72
Nucleotide consists of what 3 components
Nitrogen containing base, pentode sugar, 1-3 phosphate groups
73
Nucleosides
Molecules consisting of a pentode sugar and a nitrogenous based but no phosphate group
74
Bases of nuclei acids have what 2 chemical forms
Pyramidine
| Purine
75
DNA pentose vs RNA pentose
Deoxyribose
| Ribose
76
Phosphodiester linkage
Bond that occurs when the pentose sugar in the last nucleotide of existing chain and phosphate on new nucleotide undergo a condensation reaction
77
Nucleic acids grow in what direction
5' to 3'
78
Nucleotide monomers
Building blocks of DNA and RNA polymers
79
What are the four bases in DNA? RNA?
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)
Uracil (U) not T
80
Growth of nucleic acid from monomers occurs in (blank) direction
5' (phosphate) to 3' (hydroxyl)
81
Complementary base pairing
DNA: T and A, C and G
RNA: A and U, C and G
82
Base pairs are what type of bonds
Hydrogen
83
2 polynucleotide strands form what
Double helix
84
DNA carries genetic info in its (blank) rather than 3D structure
Sequence of base pairs
85
DNA replication
Polymerization uses existing strand
86
Transcription
Sequences copied into RNA
87
Translation
Nucleotide sequence specifies sequence of amino acids in polypeptide combination
88
Gene expression
DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) Polypeptide
89
Genome
Complete set of DNA in a living organism
90
Genes
Sequences of DNA transcribed into RNA
91
What are the other roles of nucleotides?
ATP, GTP, cAMP, carriers in synthesis and breakdown of carbs and lipids
92
Role of ATP
Energy transducer in biochem react
93
GTP
Energy source in protein synthesis, transfer of info from environment to cells
94
cAMP role
Add bond, essential for hormone actions and transfer of info by nervous system
95
Watson and Crick used what
X-rat crystallography
96
Mautrice Wilkins
Made highly ordered fibers of DNA for x-Ray diffraction
97
Rosalind Franklin
DNA double helix with 10 nucleotides idea formed
98
DNA equals a polymer of what
Nucleotides
99
What is the difference among the four DNA nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
100
What did Watson and Crick use to solve the structure of DNA
Model building
101
Describe structure of DNA
Interior- nucleotide bases
| Outside- sugar phosphate and 2 strands anti parallel that are purine and pyrimidine
102
What are the four features of DNA?
- double stranded helix
- right handed helix
- anti parallel
- major and minor grooves
103
Helix
Sugar phosphate backbones form coil around outside and nitrogenous base face center
104
What are the 2 chemical forces that hold the helix together?
Hydrogen bonding (complementary base pairing) and van der waals forces
105
Anti parallel strands
Repeating units of 5 monosaccharide deoxyribose
| 3' to 5' carbons of deoxyribose molecules
106
In the anti parallel strands what do the 5' end and 3' ends mean
5' end- 5' phosphate group
| 3' end- 3' hydroxyl group
107
Base exposure in grooves
Surfaces of AT and CG base pairs - chemically distinct
| -binding of proteins to specific base pair sequences = key to protein DNA interactions
108
Why is the double helix structure essential?
- genetic material stores an organisms genetic information
- genetic material is susceptible to mutations in info it encodes
- genetic material is precisely replicated in cell division cycle
- genetic material (coded info in DNA) is expressed as phenotype
