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Nat 5 Biology > Unit 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the NUCLEUS?

A

Controls genetic information and controls all cell activities

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2
Q

What is the function of the CELL MEMBRANE?

A

Selectively permeable; controls what enter and leaves the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of the CYTOPLASM?

A

Site of chemical reactions

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4
Q

What is the function of the MITOCHONDRIA?

A

Site of aerobic respiration (energy production)

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5
Q

What is the function of the RIBOSOME?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of the CELL WALL?

A

Freely permeable; involved in support of the plant

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7
Q

What is the function of the SAP VACUOLE?

A

Helps keep the shape of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the CHLOROPLAST?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the PLASMID?

A

Circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells

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10
Q

What structures can be found in an animal cell?

5 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus 
Mitochondria 
Ribosome
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11
Q

What structures can be found in a plant cell?

8 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Sap Vacuole
Chloroplast 
Mitochondria
Ribosome
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12
Q

What structures can be found in a fungal cell?

7 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Sap Vacuole 
Mitochondria
Ribosome
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13
Q

What structures can be found in a bacterial cell?

5 structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Cell Wall
Ribosome 
Plasmid
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14
Q

How do you work out the length of a cell?

A

Field of view divided by the number of cells

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15
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Small particles can pass through the cell membrane but larger molecules can’t

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16
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference in the concentration of a liquid/ gas on either side of the cell membrane

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17
Q

Why is osmosis described as passive transport?

A

It does not require energy

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18
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

A double helix

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19
Q

Describe how DNA strands are linked together?

A

Complementary base pairs

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20
Q

What is the term used to describe a comparison group in a scientific research?

A

A control

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21
Q

Describe passive transport?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
It moves down the concentration gradient
It does not require energy

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22
Q

What diffuses into an animal cell?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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23
Q

What diffuse out of an animal cell?

A

Carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What diffuses into cells?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide (plants only)
Glucose
Amino acids

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25
What diffuses out of cells?
Carbon dioxide Oxygen (plants only) Urea
26
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water | It is also passive transport
27
What is the effect of osmosis on a plant cell if the water concentration is higher outside the cell?
The cell becomes turgid (the cell membrane expands)
28
What is the effect of osmosis on a plant cell if the water concentration is higher inside the cell?
The cell becomes plasmolysed (the cell membrane shrinks)
29
What is the effect of osmosis on an animal cell if the water concentration is higher outside the cell?
The cell bursts
30
What is the effect of osmosis on an animal cell if the water concentration is higher inside the cell?
The cell shrinks
31
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration It is against the concentration gradient It always requires energy
32
What elements are proteins made from? (4 elements)
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
33
What is the sequence of events in the production of a protein from the genetic code?
DNA mRNA amino acids proteins
34
What is a molecule of DNA made up of?
Millions of tiny subunits called nucleotides
35
What does "G" stand for?
Guanine
36
What does "T" stand for?
Thymine
37
What does "C" stand for?
Cytosine
38
What does "A" stand for?
Adenine
39
What does Guanine pair with?
Cytosine
40
What does Thymine pair with?
Adenine
41
What does Cytosine pair with?
Guanine
42
What does Adenine pair with?
Thymine
43
Where and what are proteins made by?
Small organelles in the cytoplasm called ribosomes
44
What do the ribosomes do?
Assemble the amino acids in the right order to make the final protein
45
What is messenger RNA?
A copy/ transcript of the genetic code in the DNA
46
Why is DNA copied by mRNA?
To make proteins
47
What letter replaces "T" in RNA?
"U"
48
What is a catalyst?
It speeds up a chemical reaction but is left unchanged in the process and can be used over and over again
49
What are catalyst known as in living things?
Enzymes
50
What would happen if cells did not have enzymes?
Chemical reactions would happen so slowly that life would be impossible
51
What is an example of a degradation enzyme?
Catalase
52
Hydrogen peroxide is broken down to make what?
Water + Oxygen
53
What is an example of a synthesis enzyme?
Phosphorylase
54
What is the product of glucose-1-phosphate?
Starch
55
What does an enzyme work on?
A substrate
56
What is the product?
The substance the enzyme works on
57
What does specific mean when talking about enzymes?
An enzyme will only work with one substrate
58
What two factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature and pH
59
What is the optimum temperature?
The temperature at which the enzyme works the fastest
60
What happens to enzymes at very high temperatures?
They become denatured
61
What happens to an enzyme once it is denatured?
It will never work again
62
What happen to enzymes at cold temperatures?
They work really slowly
63
What is genetic engineering?
The transfer of a gene from one organism into another organism
64
What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + oxygen GOES TO 38energy molecules + CO2 + H2O
65
Why do cells need energy?
To carry out a variety of cell functions
66
What do cells need energy for?
``` Cell Division Chemical Reactions Cell Growth Nerve Impulse Muscular Contraction Breaking up Larger Molecules ```
67
What are the three main food groups?
Proteins Fats Carbohydrates
68
What food group contains the most energy?
Fats
69
How is energy produced?
By a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration
70
Where is energy stored?
In a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
71
What is produced when glucose is "burned"?
38 ATP molecules
72
What is ATP made up of?
One adenosine and three phosphates
73
How is ATP made?
By joining ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and phosphate

Nat 5 Biology (2 decks)

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