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Physiology > Unit 1: Cell signaling > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell signaling Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell signaling?

A

communication within and between cells

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2
Q

what is signal reception?

A

selective response defined by receptors on the receiving cell (AKA target cell).

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3
Q

the signal may potentially be distributed to every cell of the body, but only ______ cells will respond to it.

A

target cells

[they are effectively tuned in to receive signal]

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary cell signaling mechanisms?

A
  1. direct cell to cell -typically with a gap junction [rare]
  2. chemical [most common] between cells
  3. electrical [signaling within cell]
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5
Q

what is the most common cell signaling mechanism?

A

chemical

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6
Q

_________ signals are where a cell literally produces a signal that acts on the cell that produced it

A

autocrine

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7
Q

________ signals can produce a signal that acts on cells that are very close-by

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

________ signaling is used almost exclusively for intracellular signaling

ex) signal transmission within a neuron)

A

electrical

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9
Q

__________ signaling is very fast and localized/ target-specific

A

electrical

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10
Q

_________ signaling could take several circulations to reach the correct target, so may be slow, broad spectrum of cells reached

A

chemical

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11
Q

In the receptor second messenger pathway, the first step is the ____[1]_______ binds to G-protein linked receptor, which activates the ______[2]_______

A

1] signal molecule

2] G protein

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12
Q

Step 2 of receptor second messenger pathway [G protein coupled receptors]

G protein turns on _________________, an amplifier enzyme

A

adenylyl cyclase

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13
Q

Step 3 of the receptor second messenger pathway [G protein coupled receptors]

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to:

A

cyclic AMP

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14
Q

Step 4 of the receptor second messenger pathway [G protein coupled receptors]

cAMP activates:

A

protein kinase A

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15
Q

Step 5 of the receptor second messenger pathway [G protein coupled receptors]

protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading ultimately to :

A

a cellular response

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16
Q

Step 1 of phospholipase C Coupled second messenger system

_____[1]____ activates receptor and associated ____[2]_____

A

1] Signal molecule

2] G protein

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17
Q

Step 2 of phospholipase C Coupled second messenger system

G protein activates __________________ ,an amplifier enzyme

A

phospholipase C (PL-C),

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18
Q

Step 3 of phospholipase C Coupled second messenger system

PL-C converts membrane phospholipids into____________________, which diffuses into the cytoplasm

A

IP3- [inositol triphosphate]

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19
Q

Step 4 of phospholipase C Coupled second messenger system

IP3 [inositol triphosphate] causes release of :

A

Ca2+ from organelled, creating a Ca2+ signal

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20
Q

in the phospholipase C Coupled second messenger system, the second messenger is the

A

calcium

[but also arguably IP3 as well]

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21
Q

simple chemical VS electrical signal pathways

A
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22
Q

Signal amplification is a property of _______ transduction pathways.

A

second messenger

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23
Q

ATP is the substrate that interacts with adenylyl cyclase, activated adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into :

A

cAMP

24
Q

Indirect receptor channel and second messenger transduction pathways have what in common?

A

G-protein couple receptors
G-proteins

25
Q

The _____________ , not the cellular signal, determines the response to a cellular signal.

A

target cell

26
Q

The image depicts a second messenger transduction pathway.

Identify the step/component labeled B:

A

adenylyl cyclase enzyme

27
Q

The affinity of a receptor for its ligand is a measure of the:

A

strength of binding between ligand and receptor

28
Q

The image depicts a second messenger transduction pathway.

Identify C

A

G-protein

29
Q

In the cAMP second messenger transduction pathway, ATP is used as:

A

a precursor for conversion into cAMP

30
Q

_______________ is the sum of the atomic weights of the constituent atoms

A

Molecular weight

31
Q

1 mole =

A

6.022 x 10^23 [avogadro’s #]

32
Q

Molarity =

A

moles of solute in one liter of solution

33
Q

In a gas-liquid or solid-liquid solution the _________ is defined as the solvent

A

liquid

34
Q

In a liquid-liquid solution, the liquid present in greater amount is the :

A

Solvent

35
Q

_______ is the non-solvent component of a solution

A

solute

36
Q

A _________ is a transparent and uniform mixture of 2+ molecules (solvent and solute) that will not separate spontaneously

A

solution

37
Q

Define “ligand”.

A

could be

cell signal
substrate

whole host of molecules that can act as a key

38
Q

Describe the different ways in which hydrophobic and hydrophilic ligands interact with target cells

[[[chemical signaling]]]

A

Hydrophobic [membrane permeable]- will be transported to target cell and move through membrane; in cell, they bind to something so they can stay. Generally, signal will usually act on nucleus and alter reading of genetic instructions

Hydrophilic [membrane impermeable]- don’t need carrier, but trapped outside membrane of target cell; requires a transduction step

39
Q

Define “transduction”.

A

relaying message across the membrane

Signal transduction is the process by which an extracellular signal molecule activates a membrane receptor that alters intracellular molecules to create a response

40
Q

Define “amplification”.

A

one extracellular signaling molecule binding to one G protein-coupled receptor will activate one single adenyl cyclase enzyme within the membrane, but that one enzyme has the potential to convert multiple ATP molecules into cyclic AMP

~one signal molecule is turned into multiple 2nd messenger molecules

41
Q

How are signaling pathways turned off?

A

Signaling processes have built-in termination mechanisms

Receptor activity is stopped in various ways:
~Extracellular ligand can be degraded by enzymes
~Endocytosis of receptor-ligand complex can also terminate activity

42
Q

Mechanisms of cell signaling-

Describe cell-to-cell method:

A

~Cells are literally connected to eachother, typically in the form of a gap junction

~relatively rare form of signaling, but abundant in the heart, smooth muscle cells, sometimes in nervous system

~Gap junctions create cells that share 1 continuous membrane

[Rare; focus more on the common forms of cell signaling]

43
Q

Mechanisms of cell signaling-

describe the chemical signaling method:

A

~Most common method of cell signaling

~between cells, also between organisms [ex- skunk]

44
Q

Mechanisms of cell signaling-

electrical signaling method is restricted to-

A

~restricted to signaling within a cell, not between seperate cells

45
Q

Cell signaling can be categorized by

Range: ________ or ________

and

Mode: __________ or _________

A

Range- how far the signal travels: Local (adjacent cells) or Long distance

Mode- form of signal while in transit: Chemical or electrical

46
Q

3 types of local cell signaling include-

A

1) gap junctions (electrical or chemical)

2) contact-dependent signals (chemical)

3) Autocrine & paracrine signals (chemical)

47
Q

Electrical signaling is mainly the domain of the:

A

Neuron

48
Q

The electrical signal is the resident of

A

THE CELL

does not move beyond the cell

49
Q

When electrical signals take place in the axons, they are called:

A

action potentials

50
Q

[chemical signaling] - 2 ligand types

Hydrophobic ligand is _______________
Hydrophilic ligand is ____________

A

Hydrophobic ligand is membrane permeable
Hydrophilic ligand is membrane impermeable

51
Q

the signal molecule is a ____1____ that binds to a protein receptor. The ligand is also known as a first messenger because it brings information to ________2_______

A

1- ligand

2- the target cell

52
Q

Define “receptor”

A

protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)

53
Q

What determines the function of a signal molecule?

A

Various factors (?)

Structure (???)

54
Q

How are transduction pathways turned off?

A

Various ways

Cell surface receptors can become desensitized to a ligand

55
Q

Diagram a basic/generalized signaling pathway.

A
  1. Signal Molecule binds to a membrane receptor protein
  2. The membrane receptor protein activates intracellular signal molecules.
  3. The Intracellular signal molecules alter target proteins
  4. The target proteins create a response.
56
Q

Diagram and describe the steps in a cAMP second messenger pathway.

A

1) signal molecule binds to G protein linked receptor, activating G protein

2) G protein turns on Adenylyl cyclase (an amplifier enzyme)

3) Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

4) cAMP activates protein kinase A

5) Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading to cellular response

57
Q

Diagram and describe the steps in a phospholipase-C second messenger pathway.

A

1) signal molecule activates the receptor and associated G protein

2) G protein activates phospholipase C (Pl-C, an amplifier enzyme)

3) Pl-c converts membrane phospholipids into ip3, which diffuses into cytoplasm

4) Ip3 causes release of calcium from organelles, creating a calcium signal

Physiology (20 decks)

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