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Biology > Unit 1 cell structure and organization > Flashcards

Unit 1 cell structure and organization Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure and function of nucleus

A

controls all the activities of the cell. it contains the genes on the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms

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2
Q

what is the structure and function of cytoplasm

A

a liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place, for example, the first stages of respiration

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3
Q

what is the structure and function of the cell membrane

A

controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell. It also controls the movement of substances such as urea or hormones out of the cell.

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4
Q

what are the 5 parts of an animal cell

A

cell membrane

ribosomes

mitochondria

cytoplasm

nucleus

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5
Q

what are the 8 parts of a plant cell

A

cell membrane

ribosomes

cellulose / cell wall

mitochondria

cytoplasm

permanent vacuole

chloroplasts

nucleus

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6
Q

what are 2 differences between plants and animals

A

plants make their own food using photosynthesis

plants stay in one place and do not move their whole bodies about from one place to another

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7
Q

what 3 parts are common between plant and algal cells

A

cellulose / cell wall

chloroplasts

permanent vacuole

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8
Q

do all plant cells have the same structure?

A

no, all plant cells consists of cellulose however some of them do not have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole

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9
Q

what is the structure and function of the cellulose

A

strengthens and supports the plant / algal cell

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10
Q

what is the structure and function of the chloroplast

A

found in all green parts of the plant, they are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll.

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11
Q

why do root cells not have chloroplasts

A

they are underground and do not photosynthesize

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12
Q

what is the structure and function of the permanent vacuole

A

space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap, this is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

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13
Q

What is algae

A

simple aquatic organisms with many similar characterstics as plant cells

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14
Q

can algae be classified as plants

A

they were for centuries, but they are now part of a different kingdom

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15
Q

what are 5 characterstics of prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus DNA is looped in the cytoplasm

very small cells often less than 5micrometers

no membrane bound organelles

cell wall not made of cellulose

some genes may be in separate circular structures called plasmids

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16
Q

what are 5 characterstics of eukaryotic cells

A

bigger cells usually between 10-100micrometers

membrane bound nucleus containing DNA

membrane bound organelles

animal cells have no cell wall, plant cells have cellulose cell wall

no plasmids

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17
Q

what type of cells do plants and animals have

A

eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

how many micrometers is 1 milimeter

A

1000micrometers

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19
Q

how to calculate cell size? (image)

A

size of image = size of actual object X magnification

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20
Q

are all bacteria harmful?

A

no, some of them may cause disease while others are harmless, some of which are actually really helpful to humans

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21
Q

suggest 6 use cases of bacteria

A

make food like cheese and yogurt

sewage treatment

make medicines

used in natural cycles such as the carbon and nitrogen cycle

important part of a healthy gut

plays an important role as decomposers in food chains and webs

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22
Q

does magnification have units

A

no, its just multiplying and dividing, however always use the same units for the size of image and size of actual object

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23
Q

how many bacterial cells make up one bacterium?

A

1 cell

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24
Q

what is the structure and function of ribosomes

A

where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in the cell

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25
Q

what is the structure and function of the mitochondria

A

structures in the cytoplasm where oxygen is used and where most of the energy is released during respiration

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26
Q

what is the structure and function of the chlorophyll

A

found in chloroplasts, chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make food by photosynthesis

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27
Q

how can you see the bacterial colony with your naked eye

A

culture bacteria on the agar plate, this grows many millions of bacteria

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28
Q

what are the smallest living organisms?

A

single cells

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29
Q

what are specialized cells

A

a cell with a structure adapted to suit it’s particular function

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30
Q

how do specialized cells look compared to plant and animal cells

A

often very different as they are made to carry out specific functions

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31
Q

give 7 examples of specialized cells

A

nerve cells

fat cells

root hair cells

cone cells in the human eye

red blood cells

sperm cells

egg cells

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32
Q

what are 2 functions of a fat cell?

A

If you eat more food than you need, your body makes fat and stores it in fat cells.

The fat can be broken down and used to transfer energy when it is needed

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33
Q

what tissue can be formed by fat cells

A

thousands of fat cells together form adipose tissue

34
Q

how do fat cells help animals?

A

fat cells help animals, including humans, to survive when food is in short supply

35
Q

what are the three main adaptations of fat cells

A

they have a small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat

they have few mitochondria as the cells need very little energy

they can expand- a fat cell can end up 1000 times its original size as it fills up with fat

36
Q

where are cone cells located?

A

the light sensitive layer of the human eye

37
Q

what is the function of a cone cell

A

cone cells makes it possible for us to see in color

38
Q

what is the adaptation of the outer segment on a cone cell

A

contains a special chemical, a visual pigment, which changes chemically in colored light. It needs energy to change back to its original form. The visual pigments are based on the vitamin A on your diet.

39
Q

what is the adaptation of the middle segment on a cone cell

A

packed full of mitochondria, The mitochondria transfers the energy needed to reform the visual pigment. This lets you see continually in color

40
Q

what is the adaptation of the innermost part of the cone cell

A

made up of specialized synapses that connect to the optic nerve. When colored light makes your visual pigment change, a nerve impulse is triggered. This makes its way along the optic nerve to your brain

41
Q

how many main adaptations does a cone cell carry?

A

3

42
Q

where are root hair cells found

A

close to the tips of growing roots in plants

43
Q

what are the two main adaptations of the root hair cell

A

the root hairs increase the surface area for water to move into the cell

the root hair cells have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell

44
Q

state 4 adaptations of sperm cells

A

a long tail whips from side to side and helps move the sperm towards the egg

the middle section is full of mitochondria, which provide the energy for the tail to work

the acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg

a large nucleus contains the genetic information to be passed on

45
Q

what is the function of a root hair cell

A

help plants take in a lot of water and mineral ions more efficiently. The water and mineral ions then pass easily across the root to the xylem tissue. The xylem tissue carries water and mineral ions up into the rest of the plant. Mineral ions are moved into the cell by active transport.

46
Q

what do sperm cells contain?

A

genetic information of the male parent

47
Q

how are sperm cells transported?

A

depending on the type of animal, sperm cells need to move through water or the female reproductive system to reach an egg. then they have to break into the egg

48
Q

where are sperm cells usually released?

A

a long way from the egg they are going to fertilise

49
Q

what are tissues

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function working together

50
Q

give 1 function of a muscular tissue

A

can contract to bring about movement

51
Q

give 1 function of a glandular tisssue

A

contains secretory cells that can produce and secrete (release) substances such as enzymes and hormones

52
Q

give 1 function of an epithelial tissue

A

covers the outside of your body as well as your internal organs

53
Q

name 3 tissues found in animals

A

muscular tissues
glandular tissues
epithelial tissues

54
Q

what is 1 function of an epidermal tissue

A

cover the surfaces and protect plants

55
Q

what is the function of palisade mesophyll

A

contains lots of chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis

56
Q

what is the function of spongy mesophyll

A

has some chloroplasts for photosynthesis but also has big air spaces and a large surface area to make the diffusion of gases easier.

57
Q

what are xylem and phloem

A

the transport tissues in plants

58
Q

what is the function of xylem and phloem

A

carry water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves and transport dissolved food from the leaves around the plant.

59
Q

what are organs

A

a group of tissues working together

60
Q

what are the functions of the 3 tissues found in the stomach

A

muscular tissue, to churn the food and digestive juices together and move the contents through the digestive system

glandular tissue, to produce the digestive juices that break down food

epithelial tissue, which covers the inside and the outside of the organ.

61
Q

what are the 2 important functions of pancreas and what type of glandular tissues does it contain

A

makes hormones to control our blood glucose, as well as some of the enzymes that digest our food. it contains two very different types of glandular tissue to produce these different secretions.

62
Q

name the organs of a plant

A

leaves, stems, roots

63
Q

describe the tissues in a plant

A

differentiated cells which forms specialized tissues

64
Q

what is a whole multicellular organism made up of

A

multiple organ systems

65
Q

give three examples of an organ system found in humans

A

digestive system
cardiovascular system
breathing system

66
Q

what are 2 purposes of the digestive system

A

mammals and other animals exchanging substances with the environment
breaks down the food we eat into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into our bloodstream and used by our cells

67
Q

what are the 12 parts of the digestive system

A

mouth
oesophagus
diaphragm
stomach
liver
gall bladder

68
Q

what is the function of glands in the digestive system

A

glands (ex- salivary glands and the pancreas) Produce digestive juices containing enzymes that chemically break down food molecules

69
Q

what is the function of the stomach in the digestive system

A

stomach is Where the digestion of protein in food takes place

70
Q

what is the function of the liver in thr digestive system

A

Produces bile, which helps in the digestion of lipids (fats)

71
Q

what is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system

A

the small intestine is Where digestion takes place and where soluble food is absorbed into the bloodstream

72
Q

what is the function of the large intestine in the digestive system

A

the large intestine is Where water is absorbed from undigested food, producing faeces

73
Q

what is an example of a system where gasses are exchanged with the environment

A

the mammal digestive system

74
Q

Define an organ system

A

groups of organs that performs a particular function

75
Q

what is a substance in a solution

A

a solute

76
Q

what is diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.

77
Q

what is net movement in diffusion and how do particles move

A

particles moving into area of low concentration - particles moving out
particles move randomly

78
Q

what is concentration gradient and how does it impact diffusion

A

concentration gradient is the difference of concentration between the two areas, the bigger the difference, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster the rate of diffusion.

79
Q

name three factors which affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration Gradient
Temperature
surface area of membrane

80
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

A

An increase in temperature means the particles in a gas or a solution move around more quickly. When this happens, diffusion takes place more rapidly as the random movement of the particles speeds up.

81
Q

name 3 examples of substances which move in and out of our cells through diffusion

A

simple sugars such as glucose
gases such as oxygen
waste products such as uea

82
Q

how does increasing the surface area of the cell membrane impact the rate of diffusion

A

as the surface area of the cell membrane is increased, the area over which diffusion can take place is greatly increased hence more particles of a substance moves by diffusion in a given time.

Biology (4 decks)

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