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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cellular Biology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

8 chief cellular functions

A
  1. Movement
  2. Conductivity
  3. Metabolic absorption
  4. Secretion
  5. Excretion
  6. Respiration
  7. Reproduction
  8. Communication
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2
Q

Movement

A

Force generated to produce movement.

Example: muscles attached to bone or muscles attached to hollow organs

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3
Q

Response to electrical stimuli along the surface of the cell to reach other cells.

A

Conductivity

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4
Q

Take up and use of nutrients from surroundings.

A

Molecular absorption

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5
Q

Synthesize materials to release from cell to surroundings

A

Secretion

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6
Q

Ridding cell of waste

A

Excretion

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7
Q

Absorption of oxygen to transform nutrients into energy

A

Cellular respiration

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8
Q

The duplication of cells to replace old and dying cells.

A

Reproduction

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9
Q

Signaling between cells and tissues to aid homeostasis

A

Communication

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10
Q

What are the three major components of the eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles
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11
Q

What is the major organelle in the eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

List the characteristics of the nucleus discussed in class.

A
  • generally located in the center of the cell
  • largest organelle
  • surrounded by a nuclear envelope
  • contains the nucleolus
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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Production of the ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

A
  • cell division

- control of genetic information

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15
Q

Name other functions of the nucleus.

A
  • Replication and repair of genetic material

- Transcription of DNA to mRNA

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16
Q

Aqueous solution between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Which two macro molecules are stored in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Lipids (fat)

- Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Selectively permeable membrane that defines the shape of the cell

A

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

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19
Q

The plasma membrane is made up of …

A

Phospholipids and protein

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

A

Serves as a barriers to water and other hydrophilic substances and allows lipid soluble substances to pass through.

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21
Q

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane and linked to other structures in the cell.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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22
Q

Proteins not embedded in the membrane and are only on one surface. *

A

Peripheral membrane protein

* must be bound to an integral membrane protein

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23
Q

The function of the plasma membrane is determined largely by its membrane proteins. What are the six different membrane proteins?

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Pore or transport proteins
  3. Enzymes that drive active pumps
  4. Cell surface markers
  5. Cell adhesion molecules
  6. Catalysts
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24
Q

Function of receptors.

A

Recognition and binding for substances in and out of the cell.

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25
Function or pore or transport channels.
Transfer of ions or electrolytes that act as carriers of amino acids and monosaccharides across the membrane.
26
Function of cell surface markers.
Identify the cell to neighboring cells.
27
Function of cell adhesion molecules.
Allow cells to attach to other cells and to the cytoskeleton.
28
Function of a catalyst.
Activation of chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction.
29
Proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules.
Cell receptors
30
Specific molecules onto which cell receptors bind.
Ligands
31
Mechanisms that allow cells to bind to each other to form tissues.
Cell-to-cell adhesions
32
Network of fibrous proteins that act like a glue as well as providing a pathway for nutrients and waste across the membrane.
Extracellular matrix
33
What are the macromolecules that make up the extracellular matrix?
1. Fibrous protein 2. Adhesive glycoproteins 3. Protyoglycans and hyaluronic acid
34
What are the examples of fibrous proteins discussed in class?
- collagen | - elastin
35
What is the example of adhesive proteins discussed in class?
Fibronectin
36
What is the function of collagen?
Provides tensile strength and resistance in longitudinal stress
37
What is the function of elastin?
Rubber-like protein capable of stretch and recoil in organs that require expansion and retraction like the lungs
38
What is the function of fibronectin?
Anchoring the cell to other cells and to basement membrane
39
What are the two functions of specializes cell junctions?
1. Hold cell together | 2. Permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another
40
List the three specialized cell junctions.
1. Desmosomes 2. Tight junctions 3. Gap junctions
41
Unites cells by forming bands or button-like points of contact between cells. Also acts as braces to maintain stability.
Desmosomes
42
Create barriers to diffusion
Tight junctions
43
Make clusters of communication tunnels between cells. Also allows ions and small molecules to pass through the membrane.
Gap junction
44
List the three main mechanisms of cellular communication.
1. Plasma membrane bound signaling molecules (receptors) 2. Receptor proteins inside the cell 3. formation of protein channels to coordinate activities of neighboring cells
45
Cellular communication mechanism that is close membrane to membrane contact.
Contact dependent communication
46
Cellular communication mechanism that secretes local chemical mediators
Paracrine induced communication
47
Cellular communication mechanism that secretes mediators to target itself.
Autocrine signaling
48
Cellular communication mechanism utilizing specialized endocrine cells to secrete hormones to target distant tissues.
Hormonal signaling
49
Cellular communication mechanism that utilizes the release of hormones released by neurons and carried in the blood stream.
Neurohomonal
50
Cellular communication mechanism in which chemicals diffuse from the presynaptic neuron to have an affect on post synaptic neurons
Neurotransmitter
51
Cellular metabolism is the sum total of the chemical reactions in the cell. It is divided into _________ reactions that build up and __________ reactions that tear down
Anabolic and catabolic
52
List the three phases of catabolism discussed in class.
1. Digestion 2. Glycolysis and oxidation 3. Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain
53
ATP formation that links an enzyme to a substrate and releases phosphate ions from the substrate to ADP.
Substrate phosporylation
54
ATP formation that removes electrons from NADH and FADH and uses the energy to phosporylate ADP to ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
55
Mechanism by which nutrients and waste are moved in and out of the cell.
Membrane transport
56
Membrane transport in which molecules move down a concentration gradient and do not require energy
Passive transport
57
Membrane transport in which molecules move up a concentration gradient and require energy and a membrane carrier.
Active transport
58
List the three examples of passive transport discussed in class
1. Diffusion 2. Filtration 3. Osmosis
59
Movement of solute from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concetration
Diffusion
60
Movement of water and solutes through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressue
Filtration
61
Movement of water down a concentration gradient
Osmosis
62
Extracellular and intracellular fluids have the same concentration of molecules.
Isotonic
63
Extracellular fluid has lower concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluids
Hypotonic
64
Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of solutes that the intracellular fluid
Hypertonic
65
List the three membrane transport proteins used mediated transport.
1. Symport 2. Unitport 3. Antiport
66
List the three examples of active transport discussed in class.
1. Na+/K+ pump 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis
67
Phase in cellular division in which DNA is synthesized in the nucleus
S phase = synthesis phase
68
Phase in cellular division in which RNA and protein synthesis occur
G2 Phase = gap phase
69
Phase in cellular division including both nuclear and cytoplasmic division
M phase = mitosis
70
Phase in cellular division that is the period between M phase and the start of S phase
G1 phase = gap phase
71
List the five stages of mitosis
1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
72
Largest phase of the cell cycle. Chromatin begins to coil, thicken and shorten
Interphase
73
Spindle fibers form and centriols move to the opposite sides of the cell
Prophase
74
The chromosomes are lined up midway along the spindle fibers
Metaphase
75
Chromosomes separate from daughters cells and cytokinesis begins
Anaphase
76
Identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear and cytokinesis is complete
Telophase
77
Also known as cytokines. These molecules transmit signals between cells and play a major roll in tissue growth and development.
Growth factors
78
List the four types of tissues
1. Nervous 2. Epithellial 3. Connective 4. Muscle

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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