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Principles of Biology > Unit 1 (Ch. 1-5) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Ch. 1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

essential element

A

a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce

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2
Q

trace element

A

an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts

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3
Q

half-life

A

the amount of time it takes for 50% of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay

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4
Q

radiometric dating

A

a method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes

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5
Q

valence electrons

A

an electron in the outermost shell

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6
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost electron shell

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7
Q

orbital

A

3 dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

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8
Q

double bond

A

sharing two pairs of valence electrons

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9
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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10
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

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11
Q

polar covalent bond

A

a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

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12
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule

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13
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges

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14
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time

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15
Q

cohesion

A

the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. the tendency for water to stick to other water molecules.

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16
Q

surface tension

A

results from cohesion due to hydrogen bonding, how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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17
Q

adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another

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18
Q

thermal energy

A

the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

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19
Q

calorie (cal)

A

the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degrees C

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20
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degrees C

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21
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

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22
Q

evaporative cooling

A

as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down

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23
Q

solution

A

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

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24
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent

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25
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved

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26
Q

hydration shell

A

the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

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27
Q

hydrophilic

A

affinity for water, polar

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28
Q

hydrophobic

A

repels water, non polar

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29
Q

molarity

A

number of moles of solute/liter of solution

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30
Q

hydrogen ion

A

a single proton with a charge of 1+

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31
Q

hydroxide ion

A

OH- with a charge of 1-

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32
Q

hydronium ion

A

a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it

33
Q

acid

A

substance that increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

34
Q

base

A

substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration

35
Q

pH

A

-log[H+]

36
Q

buffer

A

minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution, minimizes changes in pH

37
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules only consisting of carbon and hydrogen

38
Q

structural isomers

A

one of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

39
Q

isomers

A

variation in the architecture of organic molecules

40
Q

cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)

A

differ in arrangement about a double bond

41
Q

cis isomer

A

two Xs are on the same side

42
Q

trans isomer

A

the two Xs are on opposite sides

43
Q

enantiomers

A

differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images. 4 different atoms attached to a carbon in two different organizations.

44
Q

ATP

A

adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

45
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH, polar, alcohol

46
Q

carbonyl group

A

\/C=O, ketone and aldehyde

47
Q

carboxyl group

A

-COOH, acts as an acid, carboxylic acid and organic acid

48
Q

amino group

A

-NH2, acts as a base, amine

49
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

-SH, two -SH groups can react to form a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure, thiol

50
Q

phosphate group

A

-OPO3 -2, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water and release energy, organic phosphate

51
Q

methyl group

A

-CH3, affects the expression of genes, methylated compound

52
Q

macromolecules

A

giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

53
Q

polymer

A

made up of monomers

54
Q

dehydration reaction

A

water molecule is lost, bringing two molecules together to be covalently bonded to each other

55
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up reactions

56
Q

hydrolysis

A

polymers being dissembled to monomers by the addition of water

57
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (single sugars), disaccharides (double sugars joined by a glycosidic linkage), polysaccharides (multiple sugars joined), multiple of the unit CH2O

58
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

59
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of entirely glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

60
Q

glycogen

A

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; animal equivalent of starch

61
Q

cellulose

A

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b glycosidic linkages

62
Q

chitin

A

carbohydrate used by anthropoids to build their exoskeletons

63
Q

lipids

A

do not include true polymers, not big enough to be considered macromolecules

64
Q

fat

A

glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

65
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton, solid at room temp

66
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail, reducing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton, liquid at room temp

67
Q

phospholipid

A

made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids as a phosphate group, the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non polar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head

68
Q

steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. eg. cholesterol: crucial molecule in animals

69
Q

catalysts

A

proteins that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

70
Q

amino acids

A

monomer of proteins, has both an amino group and a carboxyl group, and a unique R group

71
Q

peptide bond

A

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

72
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of amino acids

73
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the proteins overall shape

74
Q

tertiary structure of a protein

A

3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains (hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds)

75
Q

quaternary structure of a protein

A

protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits

76
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers (polynucleotides) made up of monomers (nucleotides), two types: DNA and RNA

77
Q

pyrimidine

A

has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, C, T, and U

78
Q

purines

A

six membered ring fused to a five membered ring, A and G

Principles of Biology (12 decks)

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