Unit 1 (Chap 1-3) Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of body structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of body function
3
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Vertical division of the body into right and left planes
4
Q
Frontal Plane
A
Divide the body into front and back proportions
5
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Divide the body from top to bottom, cut horizontally.
6
Q
Anterior
A
Near the front of the body or nearer to the head
7
Q
posterior
A
Further to the back, near the rear of the body
8
Q
Organ System
A
group of organs working together to create a system/function (Respiratory)
9
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
Study of Anatomy based on regions of the body (muscles, nerves, shoulders, legs)
10
Q
Pathophysiology
A
study of abnormal body functions or malfunctions of the body (developmental)
11
Q
True or False: Structure goes with Function.
A
True at multiple levels
12
Q
Macroscopic
A
Gross anatomy (bigger: what you can see, surface)
13
Q
Microscopic
A
What you cannot see at a surface level needs a microscope.
Histology: Tissue
Cytology: Cells and Organelles
14
Q
Levels of Complexity move from…
A
Micro to Macro
15
Q
Chemicals
A
Molecules (made of atoms)
16
Q
Cells
A
The smallest unit of life (chemicals + organelles)
17
Q
Tissues
A
Fabrics of cells (conjoined)
18
Q
Organs
A
Made of tissues to perform a function
19
Q
Organ System
A
made of organs working together
20
Q
Organism
A
The whole person (every part of the chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems working together)
21
Q
Endocrine System
A
Glands that secrete hormones into the blood
22
Q
Lymphatic System
A
body defenses, fluid balance (lymphoid)
23
Q
Integumentary System
A
skin, hair, nails
24
Q
Necessary Life Functions
A
- Boundaries
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Digest
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
25
True or False: Blood vessels are tissues
False, they are organs.
26
True or False: Hormones are blood-born messengers.
True
27
Survival Needs
1. Oxygen
2. Water
3. Nutrients
4. Appropriate Temperature
5. Appropriate Pressure
28
Homeostasis
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of the changes to the environment
29
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Parts that keep a certain variable within a specific range
30
Components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Receptor is...
Afferent is...
Control Center is...
Efferent is...
Effector...
1. detector
2. pathway towards controller
3. compare (it checks if the status matches the desired set point)
4. pathway away from controller
5. change maker
31
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Main ways to keep homeostasis
Response = oppose (counteracts)
32
Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanism
Shivering (warm the body up)
Sweating (cooling the body down)
33
Positive Feedback Mechanism
makes things happen fast
response amplifies stimulus
34
Examples of Positive Feedback Mechanism
Platelets attract platelets
(pressure -> increase oxytocin -> increase contraction-> back to pressure and repeats the process in labor and delivery)
35
Homeostatic imbalance often results in...
disease
36
example of homeostatic imbalance
addiction
diabetes
hypertension = blood pressure controls fail
37
Anatomical Position
Standing
arms by sides
palms forward
38
Intermediate
in between
39
medial
toward center
40
lateral
to the side
41
superficial
close to skin
42
deep
internal
43
Left and Right are from the perspective of...
the specimen
44
Superior
Up (cranial) - trunk + head
45
inferior
down (caudal) - trunk + head
46
Proximal
closer to the trunk (for limbs)
47
Distal
further from the trunk (for limbs)
48
Anterior
ventral (front)
49
Posterior
dorsal (back)
50
medial
toward center
51
lateral
toward side
52
superficial
closer to skin
53
deep
more internal
54
Occipital Region
back to head
55
Buccal Region
cheek/mouth
56
Mental Region
Chin
57
Cervical Region
Neck
58
Acromial Region
Shoulders/point of shoulders
59
Axillary Region
Armpit
60
Brachial Region
Arm
61
Carpal Region
Wrist
62
Metacarpal Region
Palm
63
Pollex Region
Thumb
64
Intgunial Region
Groin
65
Perineal Region
Anogenital skin between genitals
66
Patellar Region
Kneecap
67
Popliteal Region
Posterior of Knee
68
Peroneal Region
Outside lower knee (fibular)
69
Calcaneal Region
Heal
70
Tarsal Region
Ankle
71
Metatarsal Region
Arch
72
Plantar Region
Bottom of the foot (sole)
73
Hallux Region
Big Toe
74
Dorsal Body Cavity
Home of the central nervous system
75
Cranial Cavity
Brain Cavity
76
Vertebral Cavity
Cavity for spinal cord
77
Ventral body Cavity
Thorax and abdomen
78
Thoracic Cavity
Multiple Subcategories
* Mediastinum
* Two Pleural Cavities
79
Mediastinum
Space where the heart sits, trachea, esophagus
80
Two Pleural Cavities
lungs
81
Abdominal Cavity
digestive
82
Pelvic Cavity
digestive
reproductive
urinary
83
QUICK SIDE NOTE: Meta means...
beyond
84
Absominopelvic Areas
Superior
* Epigastric (medial)
* 2 hypochondriac areas (laterally)
Central
* Umbilical (medial)
* 2 lumbar areas (laterally)
Inferior
* hypogastric (medial)
* inguinal (iliac) areas (laterally)
85
The body is divided into _______ quadrants.
four
86
What are the four quadrants of the body
upper
lower
left
right
*Liver: upper right
*Stomach upper left
87
Matter is anything that
has mass and takes up space (solid liquid and gas)
88
Matter exists in how many forms... what are those forms
3 forms
solid, liquid, and gas
89
Energy is
related to the movement of matter
90
A molecule is
mutiple atoms coming together
91
Kinetic energy is the energy that is
in motion
92
Potential energy is the energy that is
stored up
93
Chemical Energy is in...
chemical bonds
94
Electrical Energy involves...
charged particles
95
Mechanical Energy is the...
matter moving
96
Energy can be converted from
one form to another
97
Elements are...
Substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means (flavor of atoms)
ex: pure helium is a unique substance that can't be broken down by other chemicals
98
What are the four elements that roughly makeup 96% of body weight?
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
99
Atoms are the _________ particles of an ___________ that retain the characteristics of said _____________
smallest
element
element
100
elements are designated by ______ or __________ abbreviations called ____________ ______________ found on the periodic table
one-
two-letter
atomic symbols
101
True or False: Each atom has a central nucleus packed with neutrons and electrons.
False: Each atom is packed with protons and neutrons
102
Protons
(+) positive charge; 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
103
Neutrons
(no charge) neutral 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
104
Electrons
(-) negative charge; negligible mass
105
Atoms are electrically neutral except when
In ion form, they gain or lose electrons.
106
Elements are identified based on...
The number of protons (the atomic number)
107
Mass number is in
AMU (atomic mass number)
*Sum of protons and neutrons
108
Isotopes
Variations of an element that differ in # of neutrons
109
Molecule
group of atoms (2 or more) bonded together
* O2
110
Compound
molecule containing 2 or more elements
*Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
* water (H20)
111
Mixtures
substances made of two or more components mixed physically
112
solutions
Homogeneous mixture
solvent - whats more of
solute - whats less of
concentration - how much solute is in the solution
113
Suspensions
A heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles are spread throughout the liquid without dissolving in it
114
Colloid
mixture is two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined
115
Mixtures
no chemical bonding occurs between molecules (blended)
can separate mixture with a filter on centrifuge
116
Compounds
bonded
117
chemical bonds
to make molecules
118
A bond is
an energy relationship between electrons of reacting atoms
119
the role of electrons in bonding is
octet rule
atoms=most stable when outer shell is filled with 8 electrons -> or 2 if atom is very small
120
Ionic bond
transfer
121
Ion
when a bond is broken; charged particle (change = gain or loss)
122
Anion
(-) negatively charged particle (gained 1 or more electrons
123
Cation
(+) positively charged particle (lost 1 or more electrons)
124
Covalent bonds form when
Electrons are shared between two atoms.
125
single vs double vs triple bonds
number of pairs being shared (electrons) in the outer shell to meet the octet rule
126
nonpolar molecule
when electrons shared evenly (equal)
127
Polar Molecules
when sharing of electrons in unequal
128
Chemical reactions occur when
bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
129
synthesis reaction
build a large product = anabotic
130
decomposition reaction
breakdown a large reactant = catabolic
131
exchange reaction
swapping parts from two reactants
132
Exergonic reactions __________ energy (break bonds in larger molecules) as a product, while endergonic reactions ____________ energy (building molecules + forming new bonds between monomers)
release
absorbs
133
mass action
if you have lots of a substance, it is more likely to be a reactant
A+B <-> C
134
What are the four factors influencing the rate of chemical reations
1. concentration of reactant (higher = faster rate)
2. Catalyst that are present (increase rate)
3. Temperature ( increase temp = increase rate)
4. particle size - smaller particles move around more (smaller = increase rate)
135
water is __________% of the volume of most living cells
60 - 80%
136
Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization, what does high heat capacity and high heat vaporization mean
high heat capacity: absorbs lots of heat before changing temps
high heat vaporization: gives off a lot of heat when evaporates
137
water is a polar molecule meaning
good job at making things dissolve
excellent solvent for other polar molecules and charged particles, such as ions
138
Water being a _______ = water being consumed
water being a ________ = water being the end result
reactant
product
139
Acids are also known as
proton donors (tastes sour)
140
bases are also know as
proton acceptors (tates bitter)
141
Carbohydrates are
sugar and starches (1 carbon 2 hydrogen)
142
Carbohydrates contain the elements
C:H:0
1:2:1
143
What is the main function of Carbohydrate in the body
fuel/energy
144
monosaccharides are
simple sugars (glucose)
145
Disaccharides are
result of combining two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis
146
in dehydration synthesis water is a
product and larger carb molecule is built
147
Polysaccharides are
long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
148
Lipids are insoluble in
eater meaning they are hydrophobic
nonpolar = hydrophobic (lower oxygen content)
149
Natural fats (triglycerides) are
solid states at room temperature
150
phospholipids
make up most of the cell membrane
glyceral + 2 fatty acids +phosphate containing group in the "head"
151
Polar
Likes water
152
Nonpolar
doesn't like water
153
Steroids
ny of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings
ex: progestorone
154
Eicosanoids are made from
Arachidonic acid in membranes, which includes prostaglandin that triggers inflammation
155
Proteins compose _______% of the cell and are ____________________________
10-30%
functional molecules
156
proteins are made up of
amino acids
157
Primary structure of Proteins
The sequence of amino acid types that make up a chain
158
Secondary Structure of Proteins
twists or pleats of the chain due to H-bond
159
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
Protein folds again (might take a globular shape)
160
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
Two or more subunits (each with a tertiary structure) combine to make the final protein product.
161
Fibrous Proteins
Stable strands of water-insolvable material
162
Globular Proteins
spherical shape (water soluble)
*prone to denaturation
163
Protein denaturation is
Extreme heat or pH unravels a globular protein leaving it not working
164
Enzymes are
proteins that catalyze reactions
165
Enzymes cause
faster reaction rates by decreasing activation energy
166
Properties of Enzymes
1. Specificity for Substrate (reactant)
2. unchanged by reaction
3. can be regulated by chemical messages (hormones)
4. have optimal pH, temperature
5. names often end in "-ase"
6. work with cofactors
*vitamin B derivatives are examples of cofactors
167
Nucleic acids are made of...
nucleotides
*each nucleotide: N-base, sugar, P
168
N-Bases:
1. purines: adenine, guanine
2. pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil
169
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
in nucleus of cell
heritable genetic material coding for protein structure
sugar = deoxyribose
double helix -> H bond links bases
base pairs (A w/ T) (C w/ G)
170
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
located in nucleus + cytoplasm
types of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Sugar: ribosome
single-stranded
bases: A, G, C, U
171
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is made up of
adenine, ribose nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups
172
Function of ATP
energy currency in cells
173
Cell Theory
1. cells are units of life
2. cell activity determines organisms activity
3. cells come from other cells
174
3 types of Lipids
1. Phospholipids
2. Glycolipids
3. Cholesterol
175
Phospholipid bilayer
Polar (hydrophilic) head -> toward water
nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail -> away water
176
glycolipid
part sugar, part lipid
stickiness for adhesion; cell ID
177
Cholesterol
membrane stabilizer
178
integral membrane proteins (transmembrane)
embedded in the thickness of the membrane (ex: channel proteins)
179
peripheral proteins
on one face of the membrane (internal or external face)
180
Proteins can be chemically modified
glycoproteins (part of sugar coat) -> ID, adhesion
phosphate groups added or subtracted
181
microvilli
projections of cell membrane the increased surface area, allowing for exchange (ex: absorption in intestine [nutrience])
182
Cilia
projections of 20 M-tubules (microtubules) bundled together (MOVES substances across cell)
183
flagellum
Long projection (propels a sperm cell)
184
Tight junctions
linkage of adjacent cells (proteins seal things together to close the gap)
185
Gap junctions
connection between neighbor cells for communication (channel proteins - connexions)
186
desmosomes
linkage holding 2 cells together so they resist tearing (glycoproteins, keratin)
187
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, which means it is a
Small, nonpolar (hydrophobic), so solutes (e.g.: O2) pass easily
188
Diffusion (simple)
Substance moved down the concentration gradient (Brownian motion)
189
Facilitated diffusion
substance = still moving down the substance gradient with the help of a protein
190
Osmosis
diffusion of water through the membrane
- tonicity (affect bath has)
- isotonic (normal)
- hypertonic (shrinks cells) -> lots of nonpenetrating solutes
- hypotonic (causes cell swelling -> fewer than normal solutes
191
Active Transport
uses ATP to push solute against a concentration gradient
192
Active Transport - (primary active transport protein)
- ex: sodium-potassium pump (Na/K) - pushes 3 Na+ out and pulls 2 K+ in
193
Active Transport - (secondary active transporters)
moves solutes but requires gradient (from primary pump) to do so
194
Vesicular Transport
moves solutes in bulk (requires ATP)
195
Exocytosis
secreation: vesicle fuse within the cell membrane using SNARE proteins (es: gland cell secretes hormones)
196
Endocytosis (usually by protein-coated vesicle)
receptor-mediated endocytosis for a specific target molecule
197
Phagocytosis
cell eats particle
198
Pinocytosis:
cell drinking (drinks fluid)
199
Membrane potential is a voltage...
separation of opposite charges
200
Resting membrane potential is
approx -70 mV inside the cell
- Na+/K+ pump loads K+inside
- the exit of K+down its concentration gradient makes the cell more negative
201
Cytosol (in Cytoplasm)
fluid inside cytoplasm (gel like)
202
Inclusions
found only in some cells (not all)
- ex: fat droplet in adipocyte
203
Mitochondria (powerhouse)
makes ATP aerobically
204
Ribosomes
cite of protein synthesis
205
Rough ER (endoplasmic Reticulum)
proteins bound for membrane are made and modified (ex: add sugar); sent to Golgi
206
Smooth ER
sacs of membrane pockets (lipid metabolism
207
Lysosomes
bubbles with catabolic enzymes (hydrolases)
208
Hydrolases
catalyse catabolic reactions
209
Cytoskeleton
network of proteins giving structure to the cell
210
microfilaments
made of actin
under membrane (supports)
211
intermediate filaments
made of keratin
resists tearing
212
microtubules
made of keratin
organelle placement
main ingredient of centrioles, cilia, flagella
213
Nucleus
Home of the genetic information in the form of DNA
214
nuclear envelope
double membrane (2 bilayers)
pierced by nuclear pores
215
nucleoplasm
the fluid inside the nucleus
216
nucleolus
the spherical body which makes ribosome parts (ribosomes are synthesized)
217
Chromatin (when loosely packed)
DNA + histone protein
nucleosome - 8 histones + DNA wrapped around them
218
Chromosomes (when tightly packed)
for cell division
219
centromeres
Center for chromosomes - attaches to a spindle fiber
220
telomeres
(end caps) protects DNA ends against loss of genes in the replication process
221
Interphase
the phase of the cell cycle in which a cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis.
222
Interphase (G0)
describes a mature cell that won't divide again
223
Interphase (G1)
growth + normal cell function
224
Interphase (Synthesis)
(Synthesis of DNA)
replication of all genetic content
helicase unzip the z strands
DNA polymerase builds z new strands (copies)
225
Interphase (G2)
more growth; final prep for division
226
Mitosis
divison for growth +repair
227
Prophase
chromosomes form
nucleus dissolves
centroles migate to poles and extend to microtubules forming the spindle and asters (to membrane)
spindle fibers
-kenetechture fibers
-polar fibers
228
Where does the spindles form
between poles
229
Aster forms...
connecting the poles to membrane
230
Metaphase
Chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle
231
Anaphase
chromosomes spilt a part
kinetochore pulls chromosomes fibers
polar fibers push poles a part
232
Telephase
chromosomes stop moving
clevage forms
DNA reverts to chromatin form
spindle and asters dissolve
nuclear envelope, nucleolus reforms
233
________ codes for __________ codes for ____________
gene DNA
mRNA
Polypeptide (protein)
234
_________________ transcription _______________ translation _______________
triplet of DNA
code of mRNA
amino acid
235
Transcription
making of mRNA (pre-mRNA)
RNA polymerase read DNA, builds complementary RNA strands
- pairs A w/ V, C w/ G, T w/ A, G w/ C
happens in the nucleus
236
Processing of mRNA = editing...
splicosomes cut out unwanted segments of pre-mRNA
in nucleus
-cut out segments coded by introns of "Dark-DNA"
237
Translation
using mRNA protein at ribsome
-initiation
-elongation
-termination
238
Initiation
start codon summons and tRNA with methionine animo acid
239
Elongation
tRNA continues to bring proper amino acids in sequence
-tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon
240
Termination
mRNA stops codon signals at the end of the line
mRNA might be threaded through a "polyribosome" group
