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Biology Unit 1+2 > Unit 1: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release energy, more chemical energy in the reactants than the products

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2
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Consume energy, more chemical energy in the products than the reactants

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3
Q

Requirements for life for a unicellular and multicellular organism

A
  • access to a source of energy
  • obtain organic molecules
  • access water
  • exchange gases
  • remove waste products
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4
Q

To obtain energy organisms must be able to…

A
  • capture energy from an external source
  • convert this energy into chemical energy of organic molecules
  • transfer energy produced in excess into organic molecules for storage
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5
Q

Types of energy

A

Thermal
Electrical
Radiant
Chemical

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6
Q

How do plants and algae capture energy?

A

By trapping radiant energy (sunlight)

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7
Q

How do animals and fungi capture energy?

A

Capture in the form of chemical energy from the organic molecules in their food

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8
Q

Is sunlight energy useful for cells? Why?

A

No, because sunlight is a diffuse form of energy that can be transported by cells or stored in that form in cells

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9
Q

How do plants change sunlight energy into chemical energy?

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

Word and chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + Water > Glucose + Oxygen

6CO2 + 12H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

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11
Q

How does an animal break down their food?

A

Digestive enzymes produced by the animal break down the large organic molecules

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12
Q

In what form is energy stored?

A

ATP, glucose, glycogen (animals), starch (plants), fats and proteins

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13
Q

ATP

A
  • Can be used immediately by cells
  • Single step reaction
  • Releases energy in small amounts
  • Powers all energy-requiring reactions that keep all organisms alive
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14
Q

ATP reaction

A

ATP + Water > ADP + phosphate
When ATP combines with water it loses a phosphate through hydrolysis which releases energy and then the energy from glucose regenerates ATP to allow a phosphate to bond with ADP to make ATP

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15
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6
The chemical energy can be released and transferred to ATP
In cells, chemical energy of glucose is released by cellular respiration
1 molecule of glucose can produce 34-36 ATP

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals
Stored in liver and muscle
When needed glucose can be released from these energy stores
Excess glucose from food is stored as glycogen

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17
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants

When needed glucose can be released to make energy

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18
Q

Fats

A

Tryglicerides stored in adipose tissue
Slower release energy stores
Largest in the human body
Energy in fats comes from fatty acids

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19
Q

Inorganic molecules

A 
Water
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Mineral quartz
Iron ore hematite
Aluminium ore bauxite
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20
Q

Organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must obtain preformed organic molecules through feeding ie; animals

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22
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that can make their own organic molecules from inorganic raw materials ie; plants

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23
Q

Different types of sunlight energy

A

High energy short wavelength ultraviolet radiation
to
lower energy infra red radiation

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24
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Allow plant cells to catch sunlight
Gives leaves their green colour
Embedded in the grana
Absorb sunlight best in blue to red peaks

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25
Why are chloroplasts green?
Because the chloroplast does not absorb the light, it reflects it
26
Accessory pigments
Light capturing pigments Carotenoids Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin
27
What light capturing pigments do plant cells contain?
Chlorophyll and carotenoids
28
Leaf structure components
``` Waxy cuticle Upper/lower epidermis Stroma guard cell Vascular bundle - phloem and xylem ```
29
Photosynthesis
Builds simple inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water) into complex organic molecules (glucose) that provide energy for living
30
Where are chlorophylls located?
On the grana membrane of chloroplasts
31
How many chloroplasts does a photosynthetic cell have?
40-200
32
Oxygenic photosynthesis
When oxygen is one of the products of photosynthesis
33
Leaves
- flat shape provides a large area to catch sunlight - contains photosynthetic cells with chloroplast to catch light - stomata on the underside of the leaf allow carbon dioxide to enter - covered with a waxy cuticle - internal air of the leaf allows diffusion of carbon dioxide - vascular tissue contains xylem vessels and phloem tissue
34
Xylem vessels
In vascular tissue and transport water to photosynthetic cells
35
Phloem tissue
In vascular tissue to transport the products of photosynthesis from these cells to all other cells throughout a plant
36
Stems
- thick-walled xylem vessels give rigidity to stem - branching of stems allows leaves to be positioned to catch more sunlight - xylem vessels transport water and minerals from roots - phloem tissue moves products to non-photosynthetic cells
37
Roots
- an extensive root system taps a significant volume of soil for water and mineral salts - at the tip of the root, there are root hairs which have a large surface area for the absorption of water and minerals
38
Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Can build organic molecules from the oxidation of inorganic molecules from carbon dioxide
39
Aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration requiring oxygen - Exergonic (energy releasing) - C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 +6H2O - most energy released is lost as heat (60%) - 40% efficiency
40
Anaerobic respiration
- anoxic (oxygen-free) environments - called fermentation - ATP is produced more rapidly
41
Step 1 of aerobic respiration (glycolosis)
- in cytosol of cell - glycolosis - glucose breaks down into 2 molecules called pyruvate - energy released produces 2 ATP - pyruvate is transported into matrix of mitochondria
42
Step 2 of aerobic respiration (electron transport chain and krebs cycle)
- the inner membrane of mitochondria | - where oxygen comes so that 32 ATP can be produced
43
Rates of aerobic respiration
- different muscle tissues have different energy requirements - measured by consumption of oxygen or uptake of glucose
44
Lactic acid fermentation
in skeletal muscles, after glucose is broken down into pyruvate an enzyme converts it to lactic acid
45
Phosphocreatine
Is in the skeletal muscles and can transfer its phosphate to produce ATP ADP + PCr > ATP + Cr
46
Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
oxygen not required for anaerobic anaerobic had fast ATP production, aerobic is slower anaerobic can be sustained for short time, aerobic for a long time anaerobic is less efficient, aerobic is more 2 ATP made for anaerobic, 34-36 made for aerobic end products; anaerobic can have lactate and water, aerobic has carbon dioxide and water
47
Factors that affect photosynthesis
Light Carbon dioxide Temperature Water
48
Components of chloroplast
``` Outer membrane Inner membrane Thylakoid Grana Stroma ```
49
2 stages of photosynthesis
``` Light dependant Light independant ( calvin cycle) ```
50
Light dependent stage
water reacts with sunlight then NADP carries hydrogen to calvin cycle which produces Oxygen gas and NADPH+ located in grana or thylakoid membrane
51
Light independant stage
NADPH+ reacts with carbon dioxide to produce glucose and NAPD which goes back to the light-dependent stage located in the stroma
52
Thylakoid
the individual membranes
53
Grana
a stack of thylakoids
54
Stroma
jelly like substance surrounding the grana
55
Plastid
energy converter organelle
56
Anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose > Lactic acid + energy | C6H12O6 > 2C3H6O3 + ATP
57
Anaerobic respiration for plants ( fermentation)
Glucose > Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy | C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ATP
58
Difference between chemosynthetic autotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs
Chemosynthetic organisms do not require sunlight to create glucose for energy for survival, whereas photosynthetic organisms require light to produce glucose for energy
59
Inputs of photosynthesis
Light dependant - Water, NADP and sunlight has to be present | Light-independent - NADPH+, and carbon dioxide
60
Outputs of photosynthesis
Light dependant - Oxygen, ATP | Light-independent - Glucose, NADP
61
Where does the light-dependent stage occur
In the grana or thylakoid membrane
62
Where does the light independent stage occur
Stroma
63
Leaf structure
Cuticle Upper epidermis Mesophyll Guard cells
64
How do gases leave and enter leaves?
Through the stomata
65
Waxy cuticle
Protects the leaf
66
Upper epidermis
Provides protection against pathogens
67
Mesophyll
Allows the leaf to photosynthesise
68
Guard cells
Open and close to moderate the process of respiration
69
Stoma
Opening on the underside of the leaf to allow gas exchange from photosynthesis
70
Inputs of glycolosis
Glucose | ADP + phosphate
71
Outputs of glycolosis
2 ATP | Pyruvate (C3H6O3)
72
Location of glycosis
Cytosol/cytoplasm
73
Inputs of aerobic respiration
Pyruvate | Oxygen
74
Outputs of aerobic respiration
32-34 ATP CArbon dioxide Water
75
Location of aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
76
End products of fermentation
Lactate and water Ethanol and carbon dioxide Butyl alcohol Vinegar

Biology Unit 1+2 (9 decks)

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