Unit 1 (Chapters 1 -3) Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Responds while a subject is watching another person complete a task and reacting as if they are completing it
- May be involved in determining the “why” of actions
- Learning from others while not directly experiencing
A
Mirror neurons
2
Q
Visual cortex –> Parietal lobe
- dorsal
- action pathway
A
Describe the “where pathway”
3
Q
Visual cortex –> Temporal lobe
- ventral
- perception pathway
A
Describe the what pathway
4
Q
Determining the location of an object
A
What is the function of the “where pathway”
5
Q
Determining the identity of an object
A
What is the function of the “what pathway”?
6
Q
One’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by 2 factors
1) prior probability
2) Likelihood of a given outcome
A
Bayesian Inference
7
Q
Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains
A
Scene Schema
8
Q
Characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes.
A
Semantic regularities
9
Q
We assume light comes from above
- Shadows affect our light perception
A
Light-from-above assumption
10
Q
We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orienations
A
Oblique effect
11
Q
We perceive the world in a way that “most likely” makes sense based on past experience
A
Likelihood principle (Probabilistic Processing)
12
Q
Speech segmentation studies using 8-month-olds.
- Infants pay more attention to novel stimuli rather than familiar stimuli
A
What was the study of transitional probabilities
13
Q
Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word
A
Transitional probablilities
14
Q
The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
A
Speech segmentation
15
Q
Blue and red rectangles
- Image usually interpreted as the blue rectangle being in front of a red rectangle.
A
Helmhotz’s unconscious inference
16
Q
Similar things appear grouped together
- Example: Dots in the shape of a square
A
Principle of similarity
17
Q
Every stimulus pattern is seen so the structure is as simple as possible
- Example: Olympic Rings
A
Law of pragnaz/Simplicity
18
Q
Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
- Example: Rope
A
Principle of good continuation
19
Q
Increase in firing when signal hits the center; decrease in firing when signal hits the sides (or vice versa)
A
Bar detectors
20
Q
Increase in firing when the signal hits one side of the cell; decrease in firing on the other side of the cell
A
Edge detectors
21
Q
Light falls on surrounding= increase in rate of firing
Light falls on center= decrease in rate of firing
A
Off-On cells
22
Q
Light falls on center= increase in rate of firing
Light falls on surrounding area= decrease in rate of firing
A
On-Off cells
23
Q
Concentration of cones
- Functions: Fine detail & directing attention
A
Fovea
24
Q
Black and white, night vision
A
Rods
25
Color and Acuity (sharpness of detail)
Cones
26
People construct perceptions using information based on expectations
Top-down processing
27
Data-driven & relatively slow
- Infants use this
Direct perception Theories
28
- Relies on prior experiences for processing
- Fast process
Constructive perception theories
29
- Perception comes from stimuli in our environment
- Environment provides "data" for processing
- Parts are identified and put together to process
- Involve gestalt principles
Bottom-up processing
30
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
- Information collected by the retina could differ from reality (blurred or hidden objects)
Inverse projection problem
31
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
- The brain making an "educated guess" about what is happening in the surrounding world
Perception
32
Brain function that occurs when it's at rest
Default Mode Network
33
How groups of neurons within the connectome function in relationships of cognition
- Determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in 2 brain areas
- Example: Motor and somatosensory are correlated
Functional connectivity (Correlated Neural Activity)
34
The brains "wiring diagram" created by axons that connect brain areas
Structural connectivity (Connectome)
35
Responds specifically to pictures of bodies & parts of bodies
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
36
Responds directly to places a person's been
- Example of double dissociation
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
37
Responds specifically to faces
- Damage here causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)
Fusiform face area (FFA)
38
Brain damage causes a loss in a particular function
Simple dissociation
39
Damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and vice versa
Double dissociation
40
Neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus
- lines, angles, edges, movement.
- oblique effect studies with kittens
Feature detectors
41
Structure of the brain changes with experience/environment
Experience-dependent plasticity
42
A system that creates representations of the world
Mind
43
Active potential sends a signal to other neurons, Resting potential sends nothing
What is the difference between resting potential and active potential?
44
Don't send any signals to other neurons
-70 microvolts in the inside of the neuron compared to the outside
Resting potential
45
How a neuron sends a signal to the next neuron
+40 microvolts inside the neuron compared to outside the neuron
Action potential
46
Responds to dendrites of other cells
Terminal buttons
47
Long shaft that transmits electrical signal through the neuron
Axon
48
Extensions connected to cell body that receive info from other neurons
Dendrites
49
Connective area from one cell to the next
- Where communication occurs
Synapse
50
Contains the mechanisms that keep the cell alive
Cell body (Soma)
51
Cells specialized to create, receive, and transmit information all across the body
Neurons
52
Individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuously linked
- Established by research done with golgi staining
Neuron doctrine
53
Neurons are a continuous communication of signals
Nerve net theory
54
Study of the physiological basis of cognition
Cognitive Neuroscience
55
1) Humans have limited capacity for information processes
2) Humans are active information processors
3) Mental processes can be studied scientifically
4) Time and accuracy measures allow reasonable inferences
5) Human processing is computational
6) Humans use a symbol-manipulating system
Tenets of Cognitive Research
56
Off-On cells
Light falls on surrounding= decrease in rate of firing
Light alls on center= decrease in rate of firing
57
Constructive perception theory
- Replies on prior experiences for processing
- Fast process
- top-down
58
Factual memory
Semantic memory
59
Mind
A system that creates representations of the world
60
Who taught the first psychology course at Harvard?
William James
61
Information Processing Approach
Claims that the operations of the mind occur in stages; associated with insights associated with computers
62
What speeds up the reaction on the axon?
Myelin Sheath
63
Default Mode Network
Brain function that occurs when it's at rest
64
The mental process
- Perception, memory, attention
Cognition
65
What discovery caused the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?
The fMRI
66
What is "shaping"?
Linking a sequence of simple behaviors to achieve a more complex behavior
67
Who developed the flow diagram?
-Attention model; mimicked computer processes
Daniel Broadbent
68
How was the oblique effect studied?
Studied visual stimuli in kittens.
- Kittens were exposed to vertical stimuli only, resulting in the kittens being unable to see diagonal and horizontal stimuli.
69
fMRI
- Relies on magnetic properties of blood
- No radiation
- Assesses blood flow
- More detailed than PET
70
Fusiform face area (FFA)
Responds specifically to faces
- Damage here causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)
71
Electrophysiology
Used to study electrical response of the nervous system
72
Which photoreceptor is light sensitive?
Rods
73
Top-down processing
People construct perceptions using information based on expectations
74
Who establishes the first scientific psychology lab?
Wilhem Wundt
75
Oblique effect
We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orienations
76
- Measures blood flow to the brain
- Uses radiation (can be harmful)
- Shows what part of the brain is most active
PET scan
77
PET scan
- Measures blood flow to the brain
- Uses radiation (can be harmful)
- Shows what part of the brain is most active
78
What was the result of Ebbinghaus's memory experiment?
Determined that memory begins to fade after 2 days
79
What was the study of transitional probabilities
Speech segmentation studies using 8-month-olds.
- Infants pay more attention to novel stimuli rather than familiar stimuli
80
Information Theory
Claims that the brain has limited capacity; similar to a computer
81
Artificial Intellegence
Making a machine behave in ways that a human would.
82
What is the function of the "where pathway"
- dorsal & action pathway
Determining the location of an object
83
Semantic regularities
Characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes.
84
Perception
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
- The brain making an "educated guess" about what is happening in the surrounding world
85
What is an example of the bayesian inference?
"I have a cough, I must be coming down with a cold"
86
Neuron doctrine
Individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuously linked
- Established by research done with golgi staining
87
Light-from-above assumption
We assume light comes from above
- Shadows affect our light perception
88
Little Albert was placed in a room. A white rat was placed in the room and a loud noise was played. Albert began to be conditioned to be afraid of any white object.
- Behaviorist approach
What was the context of the "Little Albert" experiment?
89
Where is the "where pathway" (Dorsal pathway) located?
Upper part of the brain
90
Choice reaction task
A person's response to a stimulus when other stimuli are present
91
Sensory Memory
Less than a second
92
Helmhotz's unconscious inference
Blue and red rectangles
- Image usually interpreted as the blue rectangle being in front of a red rectangle.
93
Describe operant conditioning
The process of shaping behavior through rewards and punishment
94
Long-term memory
Long periods of time
95
Neuropsychology
Studies behavior of people with and without brain damage
96
Perception pathway
Visual cortex --> Temporal lobe
- "What pathway"
97
Overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experiments called sensations
Structuralism
98
Long periods of time
Long-term memory
99
Analytic Introspection
Participants are trained to describe experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli
100
Making a machine behave in ways that a human would.
Artificial Intellegence
101
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
Responds directly to places a person's been
- Example of double dissociation
102
Studies behavior of people with and without brain damage
Neuropsychology
103
Rods
Black and white, night vision
104
Who conducted the first cognitive psychology experiment?
Donders
105
Cell body (Soma)
Contains the mechanisms that keep the cell alive
106
Terminal buttons
At the end of the axon; releases neurotransmitters into the synapse
107
Feature detectors
Neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus
108
Dynamics of cognition
The flow and activity across the brain's functional networks change based on conditions
109
How does a behaviorist believe children learn language?
- Children learned speech through operant conditioning
- Children imitate speech they hear
- Correct speech is awarded
- Used "shaping"
110
Functional connectivity (Correlated Neural Activity)
How groups of neurons within the connectome function in relationships of cognition
- Determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in 2 brain areas
- Example: Motro and somatosensory are correlated
111
What happens if the Wernicke's area is damaged?
Language comprehension/understanding is impaired
112
Structural connectivity (Connectome)
The brains "wiring diagram" created by axons that connect brain areas
- more unique than a person's fingerprint
113
Linking a sequence of simple behaviors to achieve a more complex behavior
What is "shaping"?
114
Direct perception Theories
Data-driven & relatively slow
- Infants use this
- bottom up
115
What was the context of the "Little Albert" experiment?
Little Albert was placed in a room. A white rat was placed in the room and a loud noise was played. Albert began to be conditioned to be afraid of any white object.
- Behaviorist approach
116
What was Ebbinghaus's experiment?
Studied memory and forgetting by studying a list of nonsense syllables
117
Synapse
Connective gap between neurons
- Where communication (action potential) occurs
118
Life events, experiences.
Episodic Memory
119
Double dissociation
Damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and vice versa
120
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Responds specifically to pictures of bodies & parts of bodies
121
Used to study electrical response of the nervous system
Electrophysiology
122
Action potential
How a neuron sends a signal to the next neuron
+40 microvolts inside the neuron compared to outside the neuron
123
A person's response to a single stimulus
Simple reaction time task
124
Brain Imaging
Shows brain activity as it reacts to different cognitive activity
125
What were some of Chomsky's problems with behaviorism relating to language?
- The problem of serial order.
- Behaviorism underrated the novelty, productivity, and complexity of human language
126
Speech segmentation
The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
127
On-Off cells
Light falls on center= increase in rate of firing
Light falls on surrounding area= decrease in rate of firing
128
Short-term memory
A couple seconds
129
Physical actions (remembering how to ride a bike)
Procedural memory
130
Claims that the operations of the mind occur in stages; associated with insights associated with computers
Information Processing Approach
131
- Relies on magnetic properties of blood
- No radiation
- Assesses blood flow
- More detailed than PET
fMRI
132
Transitional probablilities
Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word
133
Scene Schema
Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains
134
Bottom-up processing
- Perception comes from stimuli in our environment
- Environment provides "data" for processing
- Parts are identified and put together to process
- Involve gestalt principles
135
How many rods do we have?
120mil
136
Experience-dependent plasticity
Structure of the brain changes with experience/environment
137
Principle of similarity
Similar things appear grouped together
- Example: Dots in the shape of a square
138
How are action potentials measured?
Rate of firing
- Low intensity stimulus: slow firing
- High intensity stimulus: fast firing
139
What part of the brain is responsible for most cognitive function?
Cerebral Cortex
140
Which photoreceptor is light INsensitive?
Cones
141
Edge detectors
Increase in firing when the signal hits one side of the cell; decrease in firing on the other side of the cell
142
What is the difference between resting potential and active potential?
Active potential sends a signal to other neurons, Resting potential sends nothing
143
Cognitive Psychology
The scientific study of the mind
144
What are the primary receiving areas for senses?
Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe
145
Procedural memory
Physical actions (remembering how to ride a bike)
146
Where is the "what pathway" (Ventral pathway) located?
Lower part of the brain
147
Axon
Long shaft that transmits electrical signal through the neuron
148
Who established cognitive psychology as its own science?
Wilhem Wundt
149
Reaction time
The interval between stimulus presentation and the person's response
150
What are the two photoreceptors?
Cones and rods
151
Bayesian Inference
One's estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by 2 factors
1) prior probability
2) Likelihood of a given outcome
152
What happens if the Broca's area is damaged?
Language production/speech is impaired
153
What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?
There will be problems with recognizing and identifying objects
154
The process of shaping behavior through rewards and punishment
Describe operant conditioning
155
What is an example of a scene schema?
Going into a new fast food restaurant and knowing what to expect.
156
Semantic memory
Factual memory
157
What are the shadowing studies and who conducted them?
- The shadowing studies presented message A in one ear and message B in the right ear
- Despite both messages being played at the same time, subjects were able to understand details of message A
- Colin Cherry
158
What happens if the parietal lobe is damaged?
There will be problems with spatial reasoning
159
What was Donder's experiment?
He measured how long it takes a person to make a decision
- Reaction time, simple/choice task
160
Mirror neurons
Responds while a subject is watching another person complete a task and reacting as if they are completing it
- May be involved in determining the "why" of actions
- Learning from others while not directly experiencing
161
Cognition
The mental process
- Perception, memory, attention
162
Nerve net theory
Neurons are a continuous communication of signals
163
Less than a second
Sensory Memory
164
Fovea
Concentration of cones
- Functions: Fine detail & directing attention
165
What were the periods where behaviorism was dominant?
1940's-1960s
166
Simple dissociation
Brain damage causes a loss in a particular function
167
Resting potential
Don't send any signals to other neurons
-70 microvolts in the inside of the neuron compared to the outside
168
Bar detectors
Increase in firing when signal hits the center; decrease in firing when signal hits the sides (or vice versa)
169
Principle of good continuation
Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
- Example: Rope
170
What did John Watson note as the two problems with the introspection method?
1. Extremely variable results per person.
2. Results were difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of invisible mental processes.
171
What is the function of the "what pathway"?
Determining the identity of an object
172
Claims that the brain has limited capacity; similar to a computer
Information Theory
173
Six common networks:
Visual
Somato-Motor
Dorsal Attention
Executive Control
Salience
Default Mode
Visual: vision and visual perception
Somato-Motor: movement and touch
Dorsal Attention: Attention to visual images and spatial environment
Executive Control: High-level cognitive tasks and working memory
Salience: Attending to survival-related events
Default Mode: Mind wandering, regulation
174
What did John Watson specialize in?
Behaviorism
175
What are the three types of long-term memory?
Episodic, Semantic, Procedural
176
Action pathway
Visual cortex --> Parietal lobe
- 'Where pathway"
- Dorsal
177
What was the time difference between the simple rt task and the choice rt task?
The choice rt task took 1/10th of a second longer than the simple rt task
178
Participants are trained to describe experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli
Analytic Introspection
179
Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
William James
180
Shows brain activity as it reacts to different cognitive activity
Brain Imaging
181
The scientific study of the mind
Cognitive Psychology
182
How many cones do we have?
6mil
- Reduces down to 1.2mil ganglion cells
183
Cognitive Neuroscience
Study of the physiological basis of cognition
184
Where is our blind spot?
Where the optic nerve begins and has no photoreceptors
185
The interval between stimulus presentation and the person's response
Reaction time
186
Cones
Color and Acuity (sharpness of detail)
187
Law of pragnaz
Every stimulus pattern is seen so the structure is as simple as possible
- Example: Olympic Rings
188
We perceive the world in a way that "most likely" makes sense based on past experience
Likelihood principle (Probablistic proecessing)
189
Simple reaction time task
A person's response to a single stimulus
190
A couple seconds
Short-term memory
191
A person's response to a stimulus when other stimuli are present
Choice reaction task
192
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
- Information collected by the retina could differ from reality (blurred or hidden objects)
Inverse projection problem
193
Life events, experiences.
Episodic Memory
194
Extensions connected to cell body that receive info from other neurons
Dendrites
195
Cells specialized to create, receive, and transmit information all across the body
Neurons
196
Determined that memory begins to fade after 2 days
What was the result of Ebbinghaus's memory experiment?
197
The ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints
Viewpoint Invariance
198
Two types of cells in the primary visual cortex
Bar and Edge detectors
199
nerves work together in pods
neural circuit
