Unit 1: Chemistry

Question 1

What is matter composed of?

Answer 1

Atoms

Question 2

What are atoms composed of?

Answer 2

Subatomic particles; protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (-)

Question 3

What particles are located in the nucleus?

Answer 3

Protons and neutrons

Question 4

Where are electrons located?

Answer 4

Outside the nucleus, in orbitals

Question 5

What elements make up the human body? (4)

Answer 5

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen

Question 6

What is a cation?

What is an anion?

Answer 6

Cation: atom that has lost electrons (+)

Anion: atom that has gained electrons (-)

Question 7

What are isotopes?

Answer 7

Elements with variations in their amount of neutrons

Question 8

What are the 4 types of bonds?

Answer 8

Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, Van der Waals Forces

Question 9

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 9

Bonds formed between charged particles (+ and -)

Question 10

Properties of ionic bonds?

Answer 10

Donate or take electrons

Bonds: strong
Compounds: hard but brittle
MP: high
Conductors in water: good
Solubility: in polar solutions

Question 11

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 11

Bond formed between two non-metals

Question 12

Properties of covalent bonds?

Answer 12

Share electrons

Bonds: strong
MP: low
Conductors in water: poor
Solubility: dependent, less soluble in water unless it contains charged portions

Question 13

What are lone pairs?

Answer 13

Electrons not involved in bonding process, created when Hydrogen bonds to non-metal

Question 14

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 14

Bonds between hydrogen and non-metals, weaker than regular covalent bonds

Question 15

What are Van der Waals Forces?

Answer 15

Not an actual bond; distance-dependent interaction between atoms and molecules

related to orientation of molecules and dipole interactions

Question 16

Acids vs Bases?

Answer 16

Acids: release H+ ions when dissolved in water

Bases: release OH- when dissolved in water

Question 17

What is a buffer?

Answer 17

Aqueous solution made of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Help resist major change in pH

Question 18

Acid + base =

Answer 18

Salt + water

Question 19

What is tonicity?

Answer 19

The osmotic pressure gradient between two sides of a membrane, caused by solute concentration

Question 20

Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic

Answer 20

Hypertonic: Solution has a higher solute concentration than other side

Hypotonic: Solution has a lower solute concentration than other side

Isotonic: Same solute concentration

Question 21

4 main classes of molecules?

Answer 21

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein

Question 22

Monomer vs polymer vs macromolecule

Answer 22

Monomer: smallest possible form of the molecule

Polymer: 2 or more monomers

Macromolecule: large number of polymers together

Question 23

What are carbohydrates? Composition?

Answer 23

Saccharides, composed of C, H, O with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1

CH2O

3 to 7 carbon rings

Question 24

Complex saccharides / polysaccharides use?

Answer 24

Long-term energy storage / structural support in plants

Question 25

What are lipids? Composition? Types?

Answer 25

Fats / oils composed of C, H types: neutral fats and oils waxes steroids phospholipids

Question 26

Neutral fats?

Answer 26

hydrophobic, non-polar, lack acidic/basic group long term energy storage, insulation, cushioning organs 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid (often named triglyceride)

Question 27

Fatty acids; sat vs unsat

Answer 27

Saturated: no double bond (more stable) Unsaturated: double bond

Question 28

Phospholipid?

Answer 28

Glycerol + 2 fatty acid + phosphate group neutral tail (fatty acids), polarized head major component of cell membrane

Question 29

Waxes?

Answer 29

1 fatty acid + alcohol hydrophobic

Question 30

Steroids?

Answer 30

Very different from other lipids increase membrane fluidity, act as signaling molecules

Question 31

Proteins?

Answer 31

Made of amino acids CHNOS amino acid bonds are peptide bonds

Question 32

Protein folding

Answer 32

Primary structure: amino acid sequence Secondary structure: coiling and folding of polypeptide sequence Tertiary structure: overall 3d shape Quaternary structure: proteins bound to make a bigger protein

Question 33

Denature, Renature, Coagulation

Answer 33

Unable to perform functions Back to optimal ability Unable to return

Question 34

Nucleic Acids?

Answer 34

DNA and RNA made of nucleotides 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 35

Types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 35

Purines: AG (2 ring) Pyrimidine: CTU (1 ring)