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AP Biology > Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

What do all life on earth have in common?

A

they are all made of cells, atoms, and elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, + “sulfur”)

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2
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

a bond in which electrons are transferred from one element to another resulting in charged molecules (ions)

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3
Q

Cations

A

positively charged - lose electrons

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4
Q

Anions

A

negatively charged - gain electrons

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5
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

a bond in which electrons are shared between elements

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6
Q

Electronegativity

A

an atom with a strong pull on another atoms electrons which results in partial charge

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7
Q

Non Polar Covalent Bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons (hydrophobic)

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8
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons because an electronegative atom will pull on another atoms electrons (H2O) - hydrophillic

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9
Q

We can tell if a molecule is polar because…

A

O, N, S, P are in the model because they cause the region of the molecule to be polar (hydrophillic) due to the high electronegativity of those elements

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10
Q

We can tell if a molecule is non-polar because…

A

long chains of carbons, and ringed carbon structures are non-polar (hydrophobic)

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11
Q

Nitrogen means that it is

A

polar and basic

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12
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a partially charged negative atom (ex. between water molecules)

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13
Q

Hydrophilic

A

(lovesss waterr) mix with water (ex. NaCl, glucose)

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14
Q

Hydrophobic

A

(scared of water) does not mix with water (ex. CO2, O2)

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15
Q

Cohesion (think of astronaut video)

A

waters ability to stick to itself due to hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Adhesion

A

waters ability to stick to polar and charged molecules

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17
Q

Heat Capacity

A

amount of energy it takes to change the temp of H2O so there are no large temp fluctuations
IMPORTANT for aquatic organisms

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18
Q

Water’s Heat Capacity

A

water has a high heat capacity which means it can hold a lot of heat without undergoing significant temp change due to the hydrogen bonds sticking together and stopping the molecules from moving faster

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19
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

amount of heat needed to turn a liquid into a gas

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20
Q

Thermoregulation

A

how organisms maintain their body temperature within a healthy range.

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21
Q

How does Heat Of Vaporization help with thermoregulation?

A

sweating releases water onto the skin, as the water evaporates, it takes a lot of heat away from the body because of water’s high heat of vaporization.
This loss of heat cools the body down, helping to prevent overheating.

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22
Q

Transpiration

A

process by which water moves through plants and evaporates from small pores in the leaves, called stomata

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23
Q

How do cohesion and adhesion play a role in transpiration?

A

cohesion: allows water molecules to move up the tree
adhesion: prevents back-flow of water

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24
Q

Surface Tension

A

increased hydrogen bonding between water molecules at the surface

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25
What does water do as a solvent?
water will dissolve ionic and polar molecules
26
Why does ice float on water?
because it's less dense than water
27
Ice properties
has a stable, ordered structure, making it less dense and solid
28
Carbon
- 4 valence electrons - allows for creating macromolecules - found in all organic molecules
29
Carbohydrates
contains C, H, O and used for energy and makes up the cell wall for plants ad prokaryotes
30
are carbs polar or non polar
polar bc they dissolve in water
31
Lipids
made of C, H, O and are non - polar
32
Proteins
C, H, O, N and "S" - also are polar
33
Nucleic Acid
C, H, O, N, and "P" - polar that is why DNA stays inside the nucleus
34
How do we build large molecules?
involves the process of joining smaller molecular units, called monomers, into larger structures called polymers.
35
How are monomers and polymers synthesized?
Dehydration Synthesis and hydroylisis
36
Dehydration Synthesis
building polymers with the removal of water
37
Hydrolysis
splitting/breaking down polymers with the addition of H2O
38
Hydroxyl Groups
polar - OH
39
Carbonyl Groups
polar - C = O
40
Carboxyl Groups
polar - COOH
41
Amino
polar - N
42
Sulfhydryl
Polar - SH
43
Phosphate
polar -POOO
44
Methyl
non polar - C
45
Importance of functional groups
- influence the way a macromolecule reacts - influences interaction with water
46
Elements in Carbs
C, H, O
47
What are the monomers of carbs?
monosaccharides
48
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
49
glucose, fructose, and galactose can also be calle
hexose, 6 carbon sugars
50
Alpha Glucose
below the ring (OH below)
51
beta glucose
above the ring (OH above)
52
Ribose Deoxyribose
pentose sugar - 5 carbon sugar
53
How do fructose, glucose, and galactose differ?
in their shape not their writing formula
54
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis - glycosidic bond
55
glucose + glucose =
maltose (disaccharide)
56
glucose + fructose =
sucrose (disaccharide)
57
glucose + galactose =
lactose + H2O (disaccharide)
58
Polysaccharides
3 or moe monosaccharides bonded together - starch, glycogen, and cellulose
59
Starch
stored form of of sugar in plants
60
glycogen
stored form of sugar in mammals
61
cellulose
make up cell wall of plants
62
What is the function of carbs?
to provide energy and used as a cell wall
63
To split a polymer into a monomer you use
Hydroloysis
64
To make a monomer into a polymer you use
Dehydration synthesis
65
Lipids
- contain the elements C, H, O; non-polar, ratio of hydrogen is greater than 2:1
66
Types of lipids
- triglycerides - phospholipids - steroids/ sterol
67
Triglycerides
Structure: A triglyceride is made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
68
How are triglycerides formed?
through dehydration synthesis, where water is removed to bond the fatty acids to glycerol
69
Saturated Fats
no double bonds and are solid at room temp
70
Unsaturated fats
1 or more double bond and liquid at room temperature
71
Ester Bonds
connect 3 fatty acids to the glycerol
72
Phospholipids
Made of two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group
73
The fatty acid tails are (non-polar or polar)
hydrophobic - non - polar
74
The phosphate head is (polar or non- polar)
hydrophilic - polar
75
The phosphate head and the fatty acid tails are connected by
glycerol (3 carbon sugar)
76
Steroids/Sterols
Steroids have a structure of four carbon rings fused together.
77
what are examples of Sterols/Steroids?
cholesterol, testosterone. and estrogen
78
What are the functions of lipids?
protection, temp regulation, and they make up the cell membrane
79
Proteins
the elements are C, H, O ,N and sometimes S the monomer is amino acid the polymer is polypeptide the shape of the protein determines the function
80
What proteins contain sulfur?
cysteine and methionine
81
Amino Acids can be buffers so that means that they can
donate and accept or pick up H's
82
What is the bond between amino acids called?
a peptide bond
83
Primary Structure of a Protein Structure
the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; in charge of the order of the amino acids coded for by the DNA
84
Secondary structure of a protein structure
two types - alpha helix - beta pleated sheets These shapes form due to hydrogen bonding between parts of the backbone
85
Tertiary Structure
The R groups interact with each other, causing the protein to fold into a specific shape. These interactions can include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic/hydrophillic interactions, covalent bonds -disulfide bridges.
86
Amphipathic
contains both polar and non-polar regions
87
Quaternary Structure
2 or more polypeptides combined
88
A red blood cell is made up of
3 different polypeptides
89
Polypeptides
Chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
90
Structure and Function of proteins
- the shape (conformation ) of proteins determines its function - charges/R- groups determines interactions with other molecules
91
What are the function of proteins?
- muscle ( contractions and growth ) - antigens/ antibodies - receptors - enzymes are going to speed up chemical reactions
92
What is another name for enzymes?
catalyst
93
Mutations
if one or more DNA base is changed, this can change the RNA strand which can change the amino acid which can change the protein
94
What are the two types of proteins?
Globular and Fibrous
95
Globular
these are the doers and they carry out the chemical processes (ex. enzymes that speed up chemical reactions)
96
Fibrous
these are structural proteins (make up cytoskeleton which is essential in the cell wall) (ex. collagen)
97
Enzyme
sped up chemical reactions
98
Substrate
binds to enzyme (what the enzyme works on)
99
Active site
location where substrate binds to enzyme
100
Enzyme Substrate Complex
when the enzyme + substrate are bound ( they connect )
101
Lock and Key
1 substrate fits 1 enzyme perfectly
102
Induced Fit
when the substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape to make a tighter fit
103
What changes the shape of enzymes when it's an induced fit?
electrochemical signals
104
Competitive Inhibition
a molecule that is similar in shape to the substrate which binds to active site and inhibits substrate from binding
105
Allosteric Inhibition
a molecule binds to Allosteric receptor and cause the active site to change shape which means the substrate cannot bind
106
What factors affect enzyme activity?
temp, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration
107
How does temp affect enzyme activity?
as temp increases, enzyme activity increases until optimal temp and then enzyme activity decreases
108
What happens when bonds in secondary structure and tertiary structure break?
the protein can refold because the primary structure isn't changed
109
How does pH affect enzyme activity?
At pH levels too high (too basic) or too low (too acidic), the enzyme’s structure is altered, reducing or stopping its ability to work.
110
pH
the measure of how acidic or basic something is
111
What effect does the enzyme/substrate concentration have on enzyme activity?
as substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity increases and then levels off
112
What is the function of nucleic acids?
stores our hereditary information and then transmits hereditary information; codes for the production of proteins
113
What elements are nucleic acids made up of?
C, H, O, N, P
114
What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?
monomer - nucleotide polymer - nucleic acid/ DNA/ RNA
115
Nitrogenous Base
- adenine - thymine - cytosine - guanine
116
Nucleotide Composition
- phosphate group - pentose sugar - nitrogenous base
117
pyrimidine
Cytosine Thymine
118
Purine
Adenine Guanine
119
When cytosine pairs with guanine how many hydrogen bonds are there?
3 hydrogen bonds
120
When adenine pairs with thymine how many hydrogen bonds are there?
2 hydrogen bonds
121
phosphodiester bond
the strong covalent bond that links one nucleotide to the next. It forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide.
122
Central Dogma
DNA gets turned into RNA which gets turned into proteins; DNA codes for the production of proteins
123
What is the difference in sugars in RNA and DNA?
DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose
124
What is the key difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
ribose has an extra hydroxyl group (−OH) attached to the 2' carbon of the sugar ring, while deoxyribose lacks this −OH group and instead has just a hydrogen atom (H) at the 2' carbon.

AP Biology (10 decks)

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