Unit 1: Chemistry of Life - Functional Groups, Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins Flashcards
Functional Groups, Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins (173 cards)
1
Q
Hydroxyl
A
-OH
2
Q
Carbonyl
A
C double bonded to an O on top (CO)
3
Q
Amino
A
H-N-H
4
Q
Carboxyl
A
C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH (COOH)
5
Q
Phosphate
A
P double bonded to one O and three single bonds to O’s (POOOO)
6
Q
Sulfhydryl
A
SH
7
Q
Methyl
A
C with single bonds to H (CH3)
8
Q
All functional groups except methyl are…
A
Polar
9
Q
Methyl group is…
A
Nonpolar
10
Q
How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
A
4
11
Q
What does carbon allow for creating?
A
Large molecules, or macromolecules
12
Q
Which elements are found in all organic matter?
A
Carbon and hydrogen
13
Q
How many major macromolecules are there?
A
4
14
Q
What are the 4 major macromolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
15
Q
Function of carbohydrates
A
Used for energy and make up the cell walls of plants and prokaryotes
16
Q
Are carbs polar or nonpolar?
A
Polar
17
Q
What elements are carbs made up of?
A
C, H, O
18
Q
Since carbohydrates are polar and dissolve in water, they can’t do what?
A
Go through the cell membrane without a transporter
19
Q
Lipids contain which elements?
A
C, H, O
20
Q
Which two groups of macromolecules contain the same elements?
A
Carbs and lipids
21
Q
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?
A
Nonpolar (think oil doesn’t mix with water)
22
Q
Proteins are made up of which elements?
A
C, H, O, N
23
Q
Are proteins polar or nonpolar?
A
Polar
24
Q
Nucleic acids are made up of which elements?
A
C, H, O, N, P
25
Are nucleic acids polar or nonpolar?
Polar
26
The only macromolecule that is nonpolar is…
Lipids (think oil)
27
Define monomer
Single molecule
28
Define polymer
2 or more molecules linked together
29
How are polymers synthesized (made)?
Dehydration synthesis
30
What is dehydration synthesis?
Building polymers with the removal of water
31
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, what is the basic formula?
Monomer + monomer -> polymer + H2O
32
How are monomers synthesized?
Hydrolysis
33
What is hydrolysis?
Splitting/breaking down of polymer with the addition of water
34
In a hydrolysis reaction, what’s the basic formula?
Polymer + H2O -> monomer + monomer
35
Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions are…
Opposites/switched reactions
36
Why are functional groups important?
Functional groups influences the way a macromolecule reacts, especially how it reacts with water (electronegative, polar, nonpolar, etc)
37
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides
38
What’s the ratio of hydrogens to oxygens in carbohydrates?
2:1
39
When ordering carbohydrates, which direction do you go in?
1 is on the right middle of the ring. Then continue with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 around clockwise
40
Example of a dehydration synthesis reaction with glucose
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O
41
What’s the common name for monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
42
6 carbon sugars are called…
Hexose sugars
43
5 carbon sugars are called…
Pentose suagrs
44
3 examples of hexose sugars
Glucose, fructose, galactose
45
2 examples of pentose sugars
Ribose, deoxyribose
46
In an alpha glucose molecule, the hydroxyl groups are facing…
BOTH downwards
47
In a beta glucose molecule, the hydroxyl groups are facing…
ONE upward and ONE downward
48
Trick to remember alpha and beta glucose
opposite of what it stands for:
alpha - above, beta - below
ACTUALLY alpha bottom, beta above and below
49
What’s differnet about alpha and beta glucose?
The direction the hydroxyl groups are facing
50
Disaccharides are…
2 monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis
51
What is the name of the covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group?
Glycosidic bond
52
A glycosidic bond is a ___ bond
Covalent
53
Glucose + glucose
Maltose + water
54
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose + water
55
Glucose + galactose
Lactose + water
56
Polysaccharides are…
3 or more monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis
57
3 types of polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
58
Starch monomer, linkage, shape, cell type, function, are humans able to break the bond
Alpha glucose, 1, 4 alpha glycosidic, branches, plant cell, provides energy by storing sugar in plants, yes humans can break bonds
59
Glycogen monomer, linkage, shape, cell type, function, are humans able to break the bond
Alpha glucose, 1, 4 alpha glycoside, branches, animal cell, provides energy by storing sugar in animals, yes humans can break the bonds
60
Cellulose monomer, linkage, shape, cell type, function, are humans able to break the bond
Beta glucose, 1, 4 beta glycosidic, arranged in compact, uniform, linear sheets, plant cell, makes up cell wall of plants, humans can’t break the bonds
61
Trick to remember which bonds humans can break
Humans eat starchy plants like sweet potato, glycogen stores sugar in humans - cellulose is plant cells only
62
Trick to remember which polysaccharides are beta be which are alpha
Animals/humans can break down = alpha
63
Why can’t humans break down cellulose?
Humans don’t have the enzymes to break down 1, 4 beta glycosidic linkage
64
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Provide energy and used as a cell wall
65
The product of dehydration synthesis is a
Polymer
66
The product of hydrolysis is a
Monomer
67
How does the molecular formula of beta glucose compare to that of alpha glucose?
They’re the same
68
What’s the scientific name for starch?
Amylose
69
What does the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen look like in a lipid?
Greater than 2:1
70
Which element is more numerous in carbohydrates than it is in lipids?
Oxygen (Think carbs are polar, so they have more of the electronegative element)
71
How many types of lipids are there?
3
72
What are the 3 types of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
73
What’s another name for steroids?
Sterols
74
How many rings do sterols have?
4 rings (think boxing ring)
75
3 examples of sterols
Estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol
76
Glycerol is a…
3 carbon sugar
77
Triglycerides contain a…
Glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids (think tri means 3)
78
Saturated fats
No double bonds, stiff/solid at room temperature (butter)
79
Unsaturated fats
1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature (olive oil)
80
What’s the name of the bond that links the three fatty acids to glycerol?
Ester bond
81
Phospholipid contain…
A phosphate group (head), 2 fatty acids (tails), and a glycerol backbone
82
The phosphate group or head is
Polar (phosphate, p, polar)
83
The fatty acids or tails are
Nonpolar
84
The squiggly tail represents ____ while the straight tail represents ____
Unsaturated fats, Saturated fats
85
Phospholipids make up the…
Phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
86
Why must there be 2 layers of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
If there was only one layer, the nonpolar and hydrophobic tails would be facing the water, which can’t happen. That’s why you need a second inward layer with the polar head facing the water.
87
Phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning
They contain both polar and nonpolar regions
88
Functions of lipids
Protect internal organs, temperature regulation and insulation, make up the cell membrane, provide energy
89
What element distinguishes between lipids and proteins
Nitrogen
90
Proteins contain which elements?
C, H, O, N, sometimes S
91
Monomer of protein
Amino acids
92
Polymer of proteins
Polypeptide
93
For proteins, shape determines…
Function
94
Amino acid structure and sequences determines…
Protein shape
95
Describe amino acid structure
Left, amine group
Middle, H on top of C and R variable side change on bottom of C
Right, carboxyl group
96
The amine group is a
Base
97
The carboxyl group is a
Acid
98
A base is a proton
Acceptor
99
An acid is a proton
Donor
100
Trick to remember what donates and what accepts H+
Acid does not Accept
101
The R or variable side change of an amino acid is
Not an element, gives each amino acid it’s unique chemical properties
102
Primary structure amino acid formula
Amino acid + amino acid -> polypeptide + water
103
Primary structure meaning
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
104
What is the significant bond in the primary structure of an amino acid?
Peptide bond between C and N
105
In a primary structure, the order of the amino acids is coded for by…
DNA
106
Secondary structure meaning
Folded patterns that forms due to hydrogen bonding of the polypeptide backbone
107
The two most common types of secondary structures are
Alpha helix (coiled) and Beta pleated sheets (like rhombuses in a line)
108
The secondary structure is caused by
Hydrogen boning between the H in the amino group of one amino acid and the O in the carbonyl group of another amino acid
109
After the primary structure, the carboxyl group turns into a
Carbonyl group, as the OH come off and turn to water
110
Tertiary structure meaning
Overall three dimensional structure or a polypeptide
111
The tertiary structure is caused by…
R-chain interactions
112
What kind of R chain interactions take place?
- Hydrogen bonding between R groups
- Covalent bonding, specifically the string disulfide bond which helps keep parts of the polypeptide together
- Ionic bonds (attracts R groups with opposite charges)
- Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions create clusters
113
Hydrophobic clusters are located…
Inside the folded polypeptide and away from water molecules on the outside
114
Hydrophilic clusters are located…
Outside the folded polypeptide clusters and near the water molecules
115
Quaternary structure of a protein definition
2 or more polypeptides combined
116
Example of quaternary protein structure
Red blood cells are made up of 3 different polypeptides
117
In a protein, shape or conformation determines what
Function
118
More specifically, in a protein, what determines interactions with other molecules?
R groups and charges
119
What are the 4 functions of a protein?
1. Antibodies/antigens
2. Receptors
3. Muscle growth and contraction
4. Enzymes/catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
120
If DNA is changed, the
Protein is changed
121
How many types of proteins are there?
2
122
What are the two types of proteins?
Globular and fibrous
123
Define globular proteins
Carry out chemical processes
124
Think of globular proteins as the
Doers
125
Define fibrous proteins
Structural proteins
126
What’s a common example of globular proteins?
Enzymes/catalysts
127
What’s a common example of fibrous proteins?
Cytoskeleton collagen
128
Enzyme
Or catalyst, speeds up chemical reactions
129
Substrate
Binds to the enzyme (what the enzyme works on)
130
Active site
Location where the substrate binds to the enzyme
131
Enzyme substrate complex
When the enzyme and substrate are bound
132
After every use, the enzyme…
Is the same and doesn’t change
133
Lock and key fit
1 substrate fits 1 enzyme and the fit matches perfectly (think triangle and triangle cutout)
134
Induced fit
Enzyme’s active site us flexible and changes shape slightly upon substrate binding to achieve the best fit (think triangle and slightly rounded triangle cutout)
135
Competitive inhibition
A molecule similar in shape to a substrate binds to an active site and inhibits the substrate from binding
136
Allosteric inhibition
A molecule binds to the allosteric receptor, which is located somewhere other than the active site, causing the active site to change the substrate to not fit anymore
137
What 3 factors affect enzyme activity?
1. pH
2. temperature
3. substrate and enzyme concentration
138
As temperature increases,
Enzyme activity increases until optimal temperature. Then activity decreases
139
Denature
Changes shape
140
Why does denaturing occur?
Bonds in tertiary structure breaks and the bonds in the secondary structure can break
141
Why is it that a protein can refill after denaturing?
If the secondary and tertiary structures are broken, the protein can refill because the primary structure is still unchanged
142
pH is different
For different enzymes
143
1-6
Acidic
144
What is pH?
A measure of how acidic or basic something is
145
7
Neutral
146
How much more acidic is a pH of 5 than a pH of 7?
100x (base 10)
147
8-14
Basic
148
As substrate concentration increases
Enzyme activity increases and then levels off
149
Function of nucleic acids
- Store and transmit our hereditary information
- Code for production of proteins
150
Elements
C, H, O, N, P
151
Monomer for nucleic acids
Nucleotides
152
Polymers for nucleic acids
Nucleic acid, DNA, or RNA
153
How many parts does a nucleotide have?
3
154
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
154
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
1. Phosphate (circle phosphorus group)
2. Pentose sugar (pentagon)
3. Nitrogenous bases
155
How does a purine look different from a pyrimidine?
Purines have an extra, slightly smaller pentagon attached to the hexagon base
Think shorter word, longer molecule
156
Purines
Adenine and guanine
157
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and thymine
158
What base is different in DNA and RNA?
Uracil in RNA, thymine in DNA
159
What sugar is different in DNA and RNA?
Ribose in RNA, Deoxyribose in DNA
160
What is different in regards to the number of strands in DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
161
What’s unique about DNA?
It is anti-parallel
162
What’s common between DNA and RNA in terms of sugar?
They both have a sugar phosphate (pentose) backbone
163
What are both DNA and RNA made up of?
Nucleotides
164
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
165
Adenine pairs with
Thymine
166
Guanine pairs with
Cytosine
167
Thymine pairs with
Adenine
168
How many hydrogen bonds link cytosine and guanine?
3
169
How many hydrogen bonds link adenine and thymine?
2
170
Which are stronger, hydrogen bonds between AT or between CG?
CG because there is one more hydrogen bond than in AT
171
Phosphodiester bond
Covalent bonds that pair nucleotides together
172
Central dogma for DNA
DNA -> RNA -> proteins
DNA codes for proteins
