Unit 1 (chp 1-6) Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Biology
A
The study of everything living
2
Q
Characteristics of life
A
- has order to it
- ability to evolve and adapt
- ability to regulate themselves (homeostasis)
- ability to reproduce their own kind
- ability to process energy
3
Q
Life levels of organization
A
- Molecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
4
Q
Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell
A
- the DNA is found in the nucleoid
- there are NO membrane bound organelles
- they are simple and smaller than eukaryotic cells
- had cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosomes
5
Q
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
A
- DNA found in the nucleus
- DOES have membrane bound organelles
- complex and bigger than prokaryotic cells
6
Q
Chromosomes
A
23 pairs, 46 single (linear)
Linear or circular
Prokaryotes typically have their DNA arranged circularly
7
Q
Gene
A
A piece of DNA that encodes for a protein/gives instructions
8
Q
DNA
A
-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Contains genetic material
-They encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell. The encoded information directs the development of an organism
-Arranged in a double helix
-Each chain is made up of 4 nucleotides:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
9
Q
RNA
A
-ribonucleic acid
-acts as a messenger, carries instructions from the DNA
-the nucleotides in mRNA are transcribed from DNA
-nucleotides:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
10
Q
Genomics
A
The study of sets of genes in one or more species
11
Q
Proteomics
A
The study of whole sets of proteins and their properties
12
Q
Producer
A
Can directly use solar energy, chemical energy is generated by photosynthesis
13
Q
Consumer
A
Can’t directly use solar energy. They feed on other organisms or remains for energy
14
Q
Decomposer
A
Return chemicals to the soil
15
Q
Feedback regulation
A
The output or product of a process regulates that very process
16
Q
Negative feedback
A
Most common form of regulation, the response reduces the initial stimulus
17
Q
Positive feedback
A
An end product speeds up its own production
18
Q
Evolution
A
The scientific explanation for both unity and diversity, the concept that living organisms are. Odiferous descendants of commons ancestors
19
Q
The 3 domains of life
A
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
20
Q
Domain eukarya
A
Includes all the protists and 3 kingdoms
- plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis
- fungi, which absorb nutrients
- animals, which digest food
21
Q
Kingdoms
A
How the organism gets it’s food
- plantae: photosynthesis
- fungi: digest (decomposes)
- animalia: ingest, release enzymes within their bodies
- protist: varied, cant be clearly put in a category
22
Q
Theory of natural selection
A
- Charles Darwin
- species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from commons ancestors, all life started as one cell
- natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification
- explained the duality of unity and diversity
Charles Darwin observed that:
-individuals in a population vary in traits, many of which seem to be heritable
-more offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable
-species generally suit their environment
Darwin reasoned:
-individuals that are best suite to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
-overtime, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits
23
Q
Polar covalent bonds
A
The overall charge of a molecule is unevenly distributed. One side is slightly positive while the other is slightly negative
24
Q
Matter
A
Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Element
Substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
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Compound
A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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Trace elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen
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Atom
The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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Neutrons
No electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
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Protons
Positive charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
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Electrons
Negative charge, form a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus
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Atomic number
Number of protons (number on period table identifying the element)
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Mass number
Weight of nucleus, the sum of protons and neutrons
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Atomic mass
Atoms total mass
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Isotope
Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
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Radioactive isotopes
They decay spontaneously and give off energy/radioactive particles
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Potential energy
The energy that matter has because of its location or structure
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Electron shell
Energy level
| Around atomic nucleus
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Valence electrons
Outer shell electron, participate in the formation of chemical bonds
1st shell: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 8
40
Covalent bonding
Share electrons between two atoms
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Ionic bonding
Transferring electrons to have a complete shell. Only ions are involved in these. After the transfer, both atoms have charges
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Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Electronegativity
An atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
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Nonpolar covalent bond
The atoms share the electron equally
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Polar covalent bond
One atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share the electron equally. Causes a partial positive and negative charge for each atom or molecule
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Ion
A charged atom or molecule
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Cation
A positively charged ion
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Anion
A negatively charged ion
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Hydrogen bonds
A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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Chemical reactions
The making and breaking of chemical bonds
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Reactants
The starting molecules of chemical reaction
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Products
The final molecules of a chemical reaction
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Photosynthesis
Sunlight powers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
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Four emergent properties of water
Cohesion: water sticks to itself
Moderate temp: absorb energy
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent
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Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
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Surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
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Moderation of temperature by water
Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air. Water can absorb or release heat with only slight change in its own temeperature
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Kinetic energy
Energy of motion.
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Thermal energy
Kinetic energy Associated with random motion of atoms or molecules
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Specific heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature. Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break. Heat is release when hydrogen bonds form
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Evaporative cooling
As a liquid evaporates, it’s remaining surface cools. Helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water
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Floating of ice in water
Ice floats in water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered, making ice less dense than water
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Solutions
A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances
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Solvent
The dissolving agent
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Solute
The substance being dissolved
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Aqueous solution
Solution in which water is the solvent
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Hydration shell
A sphere of water molecules surrounding an ion when an ionic compound is dissolved in water
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Hydrophilic
Loving water
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Hydrophobic
Does not love water
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Hydrogen ion
H+
71
Hydroxide ion
OH-
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Hydronium ion
Molecule with an extra proton
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Acid
A substance that increases H+ concentration of a solution. 0-6.9 oh pH scale
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Base
A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution. 7.1-14 on pH scale
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Organic chemistry
The study of compounds that contain carbon
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Carbon
Ability to form four covalent bonds, can be used to make a variety of things. Tends to form nonpolar
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Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
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Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
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Structural isomers
Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
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Cis-trans isomers
Have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements. Trans fat
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Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of each other
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Functional groups
The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
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Hydroxyl group
OH-. Alcohol. Hydrophilic, forms hydrogen bonds with water. Polar
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Carbonyl
Carbon chain + C=O. Creates sugar
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Carboxyl
Carbonyl+hydroxyl. Creates an acid, causes pH to go down
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Amino group
Opposite of carboxyl. Nitrogen based. Causes pH to go up
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Sulfhydryl
Thiol. Stabilizes compound.
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Phosphate group
Phosphate energy
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Methyl group
Regulation of gene expression
90
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate. Energy currency of a cell, cellular form of energy. Stores the potential to react with water
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Macromolecules
Large molecules and are complex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids
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Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.
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Monomer
Repeating units that serve as building blocks. Link monomers together to get polymers
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Enzyme
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
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Dehydration reaction
Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule. Lose a molecule every time a monomer is added
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Hydrolysis
A reaction that is essentially the reserve of the dehydration reaction
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Carbohydrates
Sugars and the polymers of sugars
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Monosaccharides
Simple sugars, carb. Glucose is a common example. Classified by the location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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Polysaccharide
Polymer composed of many sugar building blocks. The architecture and function are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages
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Disaccharide
formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called glycosidic linkage.
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Starch
A storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers. The simplest form of starch is amylose
102
Glycogen
A storage polysaccharide in animals. Stored mainly near liver and muscle cells. Hydrolysis of this releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases
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Cellulose
A major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Polymer of glucose but the glycosidic linkages differ. It’s undigestible in humans (fiber)
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Chitin
Found fungi and the exoskeletons of insects. It’s a structural polysaccharide, provides support for cell walls of fungi
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Lipid
```
The one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers. They mix poorly with water, if at all. Consist of mostly hydrocarbon regions.
Ex: fats; phospholipids, and steroids
```
106
Fats
Constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Head end is hydrophilic and the tail end is hydrophobic, their for it’s an amphipathic molecule
107
Fatty acid
Consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
108
Phospholipid
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached by glycerol. The two tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head. Major building block of cellular membrane. Energetic because of phosphate group
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Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting four rings
110
Cholesterol
A type of steroid. Estrogen and testosterone are examples. A high level of cholesterol could contribute to cardiovascular disease
111
Polypeptides
Unbranched polymers built from amino acids. Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds
112
Protein
A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
113
Four levels of protein structure
Primary: unique sequence of amino acids. Just a string with covalent bonds.
Secondary: coils and folds in a polypeptide chain
Tertiary: determined by interactions among various side chains
Quaternary: structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
114
Protein structure
Can easily be altered. Salt, temperature and other environmental factors can carnage the pH, causing proteins to unravel
115
Denaturation
The loss of a proteins native structure. A denatured protein is biologically inactive. Once it loses its shape it can’t go back
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Nucleic acid
DNA and RNA, made of monomers called nucleotides
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Purine
Double ring, adenine, guanine
118
Pyrimidines
Single ring, thymine, cytosine, uracil
119
Antiparallel
Run in opposite direction (DNA)
120
Light microscope
Visible light passes through a specimen and then through a lens, which refracts the light so the image is magnified
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Magnification
The ration of an objects image size to real size
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Resolution
The measure of the clarity of the image or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points
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Contrast
Visible differences in brightness between parts of a sample
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Organelle
Membrane enclosed structures in eukaryotes
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Electron microscopes
Used to study subcellular structures
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Scanning electron microscope
Focused a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, images look 3D
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Transmission electron microscope
Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
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Cell fractionation
Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles
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ALL cells have
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
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Prokaryotic cells have
No nucleus
DNA in nucleoid
No organelles
Cytoplasm
131
Eukaryotic cells have
DNA in nucleus
Organelles
Cytoplasm
132
Plasma membrane
Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen and nutrients in and waste out
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Accounts for more than half of total membrane, continuous with nuclear membrane
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Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
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Rough ER
Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins. Distributes transport vesicles. Is a membrane factory for the cell
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Glycoproteins
Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
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Transport vesicles
Secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
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Golgi apparatus
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. It modifies the products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, and sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles
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Lysosomes
A membranous sac of hydrolysis enzymes that can digest macromolecules. “Garbage truck”
