Unit 1 "cognition"

Question 1

Define Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 1

The global capacity to act purposely, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment (David Weschler)

Also, abstract thinking or reasoning, problem-solving ability, memory, capacity to acquire knowledge and adaptation to one’s environment. (Snyderman & Rothman, 1987)

Question 2

What are 2 problems with defining intelligence (2) marks

Answer 2

-Intelligence cannot readily be observed…
1884 Galton: tried to measure intelligence through “simple tests” i.e head circumference

-Non-cognitive tasks can show intelligence but are not ‘counted’, e.g. music, dance, practical skills.

Question 3

What is Galtons theory of general intelligence (3) marks

Answer 3

• believed a person’s success was due to superior qualities being ‘handed’ down by heredity.
• noted the importance of individual differences.
• Intelligence is a general ability, showed in different ways and dependent on the environment.
• Believed intelligence could be measured using simple tests
• first to use questionnaires as tests of mental ability

Question 4

What is factor analysis (1) marks

Answer 4

a complicated statistical method measuring cognitive abilities and their relationship to other attributes Eg: school or job success

Question 5

Explain Spearman’s two factor theory (2) marks

Answer 5

proposed that intelligence consisted of two factors: general factor and specific factors

• General factor – underlying intelligence factor
• Specific factor - specific skills, unique abilities (eg mechanical, mathematical or verbal skills)

Question 6

Who was the first theorist to use questionnaires as tests of mental ability (1) mark

Answer 6

Galton

Question 7

Define Alfred Binet’s theory of general intelligence (1) mark

Answer 7

Intelligence is seen in a range of mental abilities (reasoning, perception, imagination)

Question 8

Who developed the first standardised intelligence test (1) mark

Answer 8

Alfred Binet (1905)

Question 9

What was the purpose of Binet’s standardised intelligence test (1) mark

Answer 9

To differentiate ‘normal’ kids from ‘special needs’

Question 10

Explain the 1905 Binet-Simon intelligence scale test (3) marks

Answer 10

-30 questions measuring a range of mental abilities such as,
Naming objects, common knowledge, memory, counting exercises
-Arranged in increasing difficulty
Classified people into three groups - Idiots (most deficient), morons or imbeciles (least deficient).

Question 11

What 3 things do do IQ scores depend on (3) marks

Answer 11

1. Test
2. Participants
3. Conditions

Question 12

What was calculation for IQ proposed William Stern (1) mark

Answer 12

IQ= mental age / Chronological age X 100

Question 13

How was the Binet test further developed to the Standford- Binet intelligence scale of 1916
(2) marks

Answer 13

Lewis Terman developed the original Binet test further
Which made the Binet-Simon test more appropriate to Americans.
And extended the test so it was more appropriate for adults.

Question 14

What were the Five cognitive areas (verbal and non-verbal) of the Binet Intelligence Test (3) marks

Answer 14

Fluid reasoning
Knowledge
Abstract Visual-spatial Reasoning
Quantitative Reasoning 
Short-Term Memory (working memory)

Question 15

Factors of the Alfred Binet intelligence scale test (3) marks

Answer 15

Age-related
Questions ordered from least difficult to most difficult
Test trialled on a large number of children of different ages
Fair if 65-75% could answer correctly
Test administered individually

Question 16

What is Mental Age (1) mark

Answer 16

Mental Functioning

Question 17

What is chronological age (1) mark

Answer 17

Actual age

Question 18

Explain The Raven Test (2) marks

Answer 18

is a non-verbal ‘culture fair’ multiple choice IQ test, that measures your fluid intelligence your reasoning and problem solving ability.

Question 19

What were Howard Gardeners 9 Multiple intelligences (3) marks

Answer 19

(1983)
Linguistic
Musical
Logical-mathematical
Visual-Spatial
Bodily-kinaesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
(1995, 1998)
Naturalistic 
Existential

Question 20

What is linguistic intelligence (1) mark

Answer 20

Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings

Question 21

Naturalistic intelligence? (1) mark

Answer 21

“nature smart”

Ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals and other objects in nature

Question 22

Explain Existential Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 22

Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.

Question 23

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence is… (1) mark

Answer 23

Ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns

Question 24

Musical intelligence is…. (1) mark

Answer 24

Ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch and timber

Question 25

Define Visual-Spatial Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 25

Capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly

Question 26

What is Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 26

Ability to control one's body movements and to handle objects skillfully

Question 27

What is Interpersonal Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 27

Capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations and desires of others

Question 28

Define Intrapersonal Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 28

Capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes

Question 29

What were Gardner's two key assumptions of his Multiple Intelligence Theory (2) marks

Answer 29

1. All people possess all these intelligences | 2. All individuals have a unique combination of the different intelligences

Question 30

Strengths of The Multiple intelligence theory (2) marks

Answer 30

- Simplistic nature | - Acknowledges that intelligence is more than an IQ score

Question 31

Limitations of The Multiple intelligence theory (2) marks

Answer 31

- Little empirical support - It is questioned whether intelligences such as interpersonal skills and body control are talents or abilities rather than intelligence - The theory is not complete - Lack of clarity in distinguishes between the intelligences

Question 32

Define Savant Syndrome (1) mark

Answer 32

A condition where an individual as a low overall IQ, but displays an isolated skill

Question 33

Define emotional Intelligence (1) mark

Answer 33

The capacity to be aware of, control and express one’s emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically

Question 34

Explain Salovey and Mayer’s ability-based model of emotional intelligence (2) marks

Answer 34

- This approach extends Gardner’s theory exploring interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences - Defined as “the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.”

Question 35

What is The 4 Branch model of Emotional Intelligence (3) marks
(Mayer & Salovey, 1997)

Answer 35

- Perceiving Emotions: able to understand nonverbal signals such as body language and facial expressions. - Reasoning with Emotions: Using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive activity. - Understanding Emotions: An observer being able to interpret the emotions and think of possible causes. - Managing Emotions: manage emotions effectively and responding appropriately.

Question 36

Mixed Model’ of EI is a combination of 2 other models… what 2 models are these? (2) marks

Answer 36

1. Ability Model by Salovey & Mayer 2. Trait Model by Konstantin Vasily Petrides - People with a high EI have a greater mental health.

Question 37

What are the 5 constructs of Emotional intelligence (3) marks

Answer 37

- Self Awareness: ability to know ones emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives - Self-Regulation: controlling and redirecting disruptive emotions. - Social Skill: managing relationships - Empathy: considering feelings of others - Motivation: being driven

Question 38

Instruments used to test emotional intelligence that are thought to be reliable and valid (2) marks

Answer 38

- Mayer, Salovey and Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test - Trait meta moon scale - Assessing emotions scale - Campbell and Moore Deakin Emotional intelligence scale

Question 39

Criticisms of Emotional Intelligence (4) Marks

Answer 39

- EI is not clearly defined - EI is not recognisable as a form of intelligence, it is argued to be confused with ‘moral qualities’ - Ability-based measures examine knowledge and not real ability - Concerns exist as to the predictive power of EI - Innate EI is not measured and culture, beliefs or personality is not taken into consideration

Question 40

What are the Varieties of Wechsler's intelligence test? (2) marks

Answer 40

WPPSI-III (Wippsi) WISC WAIS (IV)

Question 41

Wechsler scales provide what 3 scores, what are these? (2) marks

Answer 41

Verbal IQ Performance IQ Combined scores of the subtests

Question 42

What is the WPPSI? What does it asses? (2) marks

Answer 42

Wechsler Primary and Pre-School Scale of Intelligence - Assesses students 2 years 6 months through to 7 years 3 months - Composed of 14 subtests - Provides subtest and composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in verbal and performance cognitive domains - Measure of general ability

Question 43

What is the WISC? What does is assess? | (2) marks

Answer 43

- 5-15 years - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - assessing general intellectual abilities and includes verbal and performance items - assessment is individually administered - distractions are minimised and motivation is maintained. - Results are generally reported in, percentile ranks and scaled scores.

Question 44

What is the WAIS (IV) (1) mark

Answer 44

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | for adults over 16 years old

Question 45

What is the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale WNV (2) marks

Answer 45

- WNV is an individually administered - designed to measure the general cognitive ability - examinees ages 4 years through to 21 years 11 months. - measures general cognitive ability using a variety of non verbal subtests.

Question 46

Advantages of the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale (WNV) (2) marks

Answer 46

Valuable as… - valid for use with those are diverse in terms of linguistic, cultural educational and socioeconomic backgrounds, - Well as those who have language disabilities, Autism or are deaf or hard of hearing