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Unit 1 content Flashcards

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1
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety of life that exists in our biosphere.

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2
Q

what is a biosphere?

A

any area of the earth where living things inhabit

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3
Q

what is defined as living?

A

organisms that can:
- respire to produce energy
- grow
- respond to stimuli
- consume nutrients
- reproduce
- regulate internal environment

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4
Q

in what 3 ways can biodiversity be classified?

A
  1. genetic variation
  2. species variation
  3. ecosystem variation
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5
Q

what are genes?

A

a section of DNA in a chromosome that has “instructions” - gives characteristics

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6
Q

gene pool?

A

the sum of all the genes, in all forms of a species

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7
Q

species?

A

a group of morphologically similar organisms that share a gene pool; can reproduce and produce viable offspring

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8
Q

ecosystem?

A

the biotic and abiotic factors of an environment and the interactions between these components

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9
Q

5 areas of life that biodiversity has an impact on?

A
  1. economic - direct consumption and production
  2. scientific - data helps us understand the natural world
  3. ecological life support - provides humans with health ecosystems
  4. recreation - tourism
  5. cultural - expression of identity/aesthetic appreciation/spirituality
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10
Q

levels of biodiversity: species

A
  • the biological species concept is that species are groups of organisms that can reproduce and produce viable and fertile offspring
  • when populations become unable to interbreed, the evolution of a new species can occur
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11
Q

levels of biodiversity: species concept PROBLEMS

A
  • cannot be applied to fossils as it is not possible to know if organisms could interbreed
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12
Q

levels of biodiversity: genetic

A
  • genes give us all our characteristics
  • smaller populations can have a lower range of genetic variation, meaning they are less resilient to changes
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13
Q

what is a spatial scale?

A

shows how organisms are distributed over space - in different life stages, they move to different places

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14
Q

what is a temporal scale?

A

shows how organisms are distributes over time - the change in population can help estimate extinction rate

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15
Q

why do we classify organisms?

A
  1. there are so many organisms on earth, it provides a method of categorising and sorting - for understanding relationships btw organisms
  2. can collect data and analyse info about types of organisms - talking about patterns and trends
  3. to effectively communicate between scientists
  4. to recognise and combat invasive species
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16
Q

what is classification?

A

the sorting and categorising of organisms - organisms with similar characteristics

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17
Q

hierarchy of classification?

A

D - domain
K - kindgom
P - phylum
C - class
O - order
F - family
G - genus
S - species

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18
Q

what are the 3 domains of life?

A
  1. eukarya (eukaryotes)
  2. archaea ( prokaryotes)
  3. bacteria (prokaryotes)
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19
Q

3 domains of life: eukarya

A

contain dna within a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

e.g. animals, plants, protists, fungi (kingdoms)

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20
Q

3 domains of life: archaea

A

single celled organisms known for living in extreme conditions - lack dna and organelles

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21
Q

3 domains of life: bacteria

A

microscopic single celled organisms lack dna and organelles

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22
Q

kindgom animalia?

A

all animals, including some single-celled

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23
Q

kindgom plantae?

A

can synthesis its own food (autotroph) with organelles called chloroplasts

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24
Q

kindgom protista?

A

mostly single-celled, living in aquatic environments (amoeba)

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25
kindgom fungi?
yeasts and mushrooms. cell walls made of chitin
26
how to write scientific name?
genus name, then species name
27
what idea is classification based on?
the idea that members of the same group share characteristics that are not present in members outside the group
28
what are the 9 phylums of the kingdom anamalia?
1. porifera 2. cnidaria 3. platyhelmnithes 4. mollusca 5. annelida 6. chordata 7. nematoda 8. arthropoda 9. echindoremata
29
what are the 4 phylums of the plantae kingom?
1. bryophytes 2. filicophyta 3. gymnosperms 4. angiosperms
30
byrophytes?
1. non vascular - osmosis 2. absorb water and nutrients through air - leaves e.g. mosses, liverworts
31
filicophyta?
1. seedless 2. vascular 3. spores e.g. ferns
32
filicophyta?
1. seedless 2. vascular 3. spores e.g. ferns
33
gymnosperms?
1. pollen 2. naked seeds 3. cones 4. don't have flowers 5. vascular system e.g. pine trees, conifers
34
angiosperms?
1. pollen 2. seeds 3. flowers 4. fruit bearing 5. vascular system e.g. rose, orchids
35
what is a vascular tissue?
the main tissue that transports water and food for the plant
36
2 ways to classify angiosperms?
1. monocot - one cotyledon: in plants that have parallel veins, fibrous root systems and floral parts that are in multiples of 3 2. dicots - two cotyledon: in plants that have netlike veins, taproot system, floral parts in multiples of 4/5
37
what should one not use when classifying organisms?
1. colour - can change throughout seasons (can be useful to classify birds whose colour can hint towards relation to a specific species) 2. size - can change throughout life cycle (can be useful in classifying subspecies - small/big dogs) 3. behaviour - can vary between organisms of the same species, during specific times of the year 4. diet - animals that have no relation could have similar diet
38
what is competition?
when individuals compete for a resource that limits their survival and reproduction. for example: food, habitat, water.
39
what is collaboration?
when members of the same species work together for the benefit of all. e.g. when a hunting dog and lion gang up to get prey
40
predator-prey?
one organisms kills another to consume for food
41
what is symbiosis?
the general term for the relationship between individuals of two or more species, where at least one species benefits.
42
types of symbiosis: parasitism
one organism benefits, one is harmed. parasite derives nutrients from hosts body. inter: e.g. ants laying eggs on acacia tree (wattle) - tree gets infected with ant galls intra: birds laying eggs in another birds nest without keeping care of them
43
types of symbiosis: mutualism
where both species benefit. inter: moray eel and cleaner fish - eel gets clean mouth, fish gets a meal intra: dolphins working together to find food
44
types of symbiosis: commensalism
where one species benefits and the other is unaffected/ inter: cattle with birds. when eating grass, cattle attracts insects. bird gets meal, cow is unaffected. intra: cattle with baby cow. mother gives milk to baby cow. mother does not need milk, baby does
45
in what ways can an organism be classified?
morphology molecular sequences methods of reproduction
46
why do we classify organisms?
1. to understand relationships between organisms 2. to collect data and analyse information 3. to effectively communicate between scientists 4. to help identify and differentiate from invasive species
47
ways an organism can be classified: morphology
grouped by physical similarities (backbone, wings)
48
ways an organism can be classified: molecular sequences
based on the molecular sequences of DNA and proteins
49
ways an organism can be classified: methods of reproduction
asexual, sexual, both
50
population v community?
population is a group of the SAME species living in the same habitat. community is DIFFERENT species living in the same habitat
51
what is an ecological niche?
the role of an organism in it's environment, this includes: 1. what they feed on 2. when they reproduce 3. how it obtains its energy
52
what is carrying capacity?
the maximum stable population that can be maintained over a period of time in a habitat - super specific to species and a particular habitat
53
what limit carrying capacity?
competition, predation, temperature, light intensity, pH
54
what is an organisms substrate?
the surface it lives on (for a caterpillar this is a leaf)
55
where are the nutrient levels likely to be the highest for a marine environment?
near the coast - large input from rivers
56
what is inTERspecific?
occurring between different species
57
what is inTRAspecific?
occurring between the same species
58
what is a keystone species
organism that plays a unique and crucial role in a way that the ecosystem functions
59
roles of keystone species:
1. maintaining structure of communities 2. prey 3. predator 4. mutualistic
60
example of keystone species: prey
1. fig trees in north america - produce fruit all year round so birds/mammals use this when other food sources are scarce
61
example of keystone species: predator
1. purple sea star - feed on mussels on pacific ocean sea floor - limits these mussels from overtaking the sea floor - increases biodiversity
62
example of keystone species: mutualistic
1. honeybees - transport pollen from one plant to another - pollination promotes reproduction

Biology Unit 1 (1 decks)

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