Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things pt.2

Question 1

3 things that all plants have in common:

Answer 1

• plants are eukaryotic
• plants have cell walls made of the carbohydrate cellulose
• plants use the pigment chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Question 2

Ancestors of modern plants were:

Answer 2

aquatic, similar to green algae

Question 3

Evolution of plants (adaptations):

Answer 3

• formation of an embryo
• adaptations to absorb sunlight by growing tall or wide
• true-water conducting tissue form (transport nutrients water and wastes)
• seeds (reduce water loss)
• seeds enclosed in fruit (strategies to disperse reproductive structures)

Question 4

Most plants have life cycles that alternate between:

Answer 4

Haploid and diploid (both are multicellular)

Question 5

Haploid

Answer 5

one set of chromosomes

Question 6

Diploid

Answer 6

two identical sets of chromosomes

Question 7

The haploid generation:

Answer 7

gametophyte, produces gametes

Question 8

The diploid generation:

Answer 8

sporophyte, prodcues spores

Question 9

In humans, the haploid and diploid are what?

Answer 9

haploid stage is sex cells, normal body cells are diploid

Question 10

5 major groups of plants:

Answer 10

Green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Question 11

most diverse plant group:

Answer 11

angiosperms

Question 12

the least amount of species diversity:

Answer 12

gymnosperms

Question 13

green algae are:

Answer 13

closest living relatives of ancient plants, not in kingdom protista because of cell walls, photosynthetic pigments, and similarities to plants

Question 14

Bryophytes are:

Answer 14

mosses and relatives, seedless, non-vascular, first land plants to evolve, short, grow in damp conditions, have no seeds, stems or any rigid support structures (gametophyte dominant generation)

Question 15

Non-vascular

Answer 15

no special tissues for moving water upwards

Question 16

Pteridophytes are:

Answer 16

ferns and relatives, seedless, vascular plants, phyla include; ferns, club mosses, and horsetails, sporophyte dominant generation

Question 17

Gymnosperms are:

Answer 17

seed plants, “naked” seeds not protected in an ovary, ex. pine, fir, spruce redwood, etc. gametophytes hidden in cones, use pollen (male gametes) to be dispersed by wind (dry environment), and fertilize female cones

Question 18

Angiosperms are:

Answer 18

flowering plants, the last group to evolve (135 million years ago), evolved to conserve water and reproduce effectively on land, enclosed seed, often pollinated by animals, ripened ovary

Question 19

transpiration

Answer 19

release of water through leaves

Question 20

how many species of fungi?

Answer 20

over 100,00 known species

Question 21

percent of plants that have a symbiotic relationship with fungi?

Answer 21

80%

Question 22

Fungi are:

Answer 22

heterotrophic, decomposers, they acquire nutrients by releasing enzymes which externally digest dead organic material, they absorb nutrients

Question 23

Parasitic fungi:

Answer 23

80% of plant diseases are due to parasitic fungi, which absorb nutrients from living plants, and some can hunt invertebrates

Question 24

lichen

Answer 24

are formed by symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae

Question 25

Most fungi are multicellualr, exmpale of unicellular:

Answer 25

Yeasts

Question 26

fungi made of structures called:

Answer 26

hyphae

Question 27

Hyphae are:

Answer 27

tiny threads of cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and covered by cell wall

Question 28

Fungi cell walls are made of:

Answer 28

Chitin (strong flexible carbohydrate, found in the exoskeleton of insects)

Question 29

Hyphae is a single fungus that typically branches as it grows, forming:

Answer 29

interwoven mat called mycelium

Question 30

mycelium is:

Answer 30

a feeding structure for fungi, cannot move by their ability

Question 31

mycorrhizae are:

Answer 31

the fungus that forms a mutualistic association with plant roots receives sugars, proteins and lipids from plant roots

Question 32

in return fungus acts like:

Answer 32

an extension of the plant roots, collecting essential nutrients like water and phosphorus

Question 33

fungi reproductive structures include:

Answer 33

asexual and sexual

Question 34

fungi exhibit two sexes

Answer 34

"+" and "-"

Question 35

3 main phyla of fungi:

Answer 35

Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota

Question 36

taxonomy is MOST heavily relied on:

Answer 36

reproductive structures

Question 37

Zygomycota-

Answer 37

consists of many moulds that may grow on trees, the ground, leftover food, berries, etc. There are over 1,000 different species of mould in this phylum

Question 38

Basidiomycota-

Answer 38

many species are used for food for animals, including humans. There are around 40,000 different kinds of mushrooms in this fungus (which also grows on trees)

Question 39

Ascomycota-

Answer 39

Includes yeats and truffles. There are more than 30,000 different species in this phylum. Yeats is the only single celled fungi. the more complex, multicellular members of this phylum have an internal gas bladder which helps with production.

Question 40

Kingdom fungi are:

Answer 40

- eukaryotic - cell wall made of chitin - most multicellular (mushrooms, moulds) - some unicellular (yeasts) - heterotrophs (decomposers, some parasites) - body tissue is made of filaments called hyphae - reproduce using spores

Question 41

Fungi & Animilia

Answer 41

heterotrophic, and eukaryotic, both don't have chlorophyll

Question 42

Fungi & Plantae

Answer 42

eukaryotic, lack of mobility, reproduces asexually or sexually

Question 43

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) made what?

Answer 43

Penicillin, fungi

Question 44

lichen colonies can be how old?

Answer 44

up to 9000 years old, 18,000 species worldwide

Question 45

algae prepare food for fungi through

Answer 45

photosynthesis and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for algae

Question 46

which kingdoms can be affected by a virus?

Answer 46

all of them

Question 47

a characteristic that all plants and animals share:

Answer 47

eukaryotic

Question 48

example of a parasitic relationship is:

Answer 48

tar spots and corn smut

Question 49

Kingdom Animalia:

Answer 49

- eukaryotic - lack cell walls - multicellular - heterotrophs - motile at some point in their life - develop blastula early in their life cycle

Question 50

Animals are divided into ___ phyla

Answer 50

35

Question 51

The evolution of Animals is marked by milestones such as

Answer 51

1. Body Plan 2. Levels of Organization 3. Body symmetry 4. embryological development 5. Segmentation 6. Limbs

Question 52

Body plan-

Answer 52

each species has a unique body structure called a body plan. A body plan includes the type of symmetry, presence of a body cavity, embryological development, segmentation, presence of a body cavity, presence of head, placement, number of limbs, movement, and presence of a backbone.

Question 53

Levels of Organization-

Answer 53

all animals have cells, but how they are organized differs with the species, tissues join together to form organs, and complex organ systems can form in some species.

Question 54

Body Symmetry-

Answer 54

- Asymmetrical, so symmetry (sponges) - Radial symmetry, shaped like a bowl or cylinder, with the body pieces arranged around the center like pieces of pie (coral=cnidarian), any longitude slide - two identical parts, there is no head or tall structures - Bilateral symmetry, mirror images left to right but top/bottom and front/back are different, allows for cephalization (development of head)

Question 55

Embryological Development-

Answer 55

all animals begin as a zygote, which forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg. - the sperm and egg cells are haploid sex cells - zygote is first diploid cell of the new animal - the zygote then continous to split - Eventually, a blastula forms and begins infolding resulting in the digestive tract and all other organs and organ systems. - A blastopore is the first opening in the digestive tract - protosome= blastopore is a mouth (molluscs, annelids, arthropod) - deutersome= blastopore is an anus (echinoderms, chordates)

Question 56

Segmentation (repeating parts)-

Answer 56

Many animals with bilateral symmetry are segmented into several repeating parts - annelids (earthworms) consist of a distinct head, tail and several inclemical segmented rings - insects are segmented into a head, thorax, and abdomen - the human backbone shows segmentation

Question 57

Limbs (legs, flippers and wings)-

Answer 57

animals with bilateral symmetry frequently have paired limbs -limbs for movement feeding or sensory information - animal phyla are defined by appendages

Question 58

Invertebrates do NOT

Answer 58

have a backbone, more than 98% of animals are invertebrates, they are not in a phylogenetic tree because they lack features that cannot define a group

Question 59

Phyla of invertebrates

Answer 59

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, athropoda, echinodermata

Question 60

Porifera, cnidaria, Platyhelminthes

Answer 60

reproduce asexually, have very simple and sometimes open body systems

Question 61

Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, arthropods, Echinodermata

Answer 61

reproduce sexually, have more complex body systems, and the digestive system becomes more specialized in these groups

Question 62

Vertebrates:

Answer 62

make up most of phylum Chordata, have skull and backbone, has structural support for paired limbs

Question 63

Animal phylum symmetry:

Answer 63

- Mollusca, bilateral - Aves, bilateral - Porifera, asymmetrical - Annelida, bilateral - Arthropoda, bilateral - echinodermata, radial - cnidaria, radial - Platyhelminthes, bilateral