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Higher Biology (SQA) > Unit 1: DNA & The Genome - Key Area 3: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Unit 1: DNA & The Genome - Key Area 3: Gene Expression Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

synthesis of different mature transcripts from the same primary transcript

A

alternative RNA splicing

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2
Q

unit of polypeptide structure

A

amino acid

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3
Q

sequence of three bases on tRNA that specifies an animo acid

A

anticodon

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4
Q

position on a tRNA molecule at which a specific amino acid binds

A

attachment site

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5
Q

sequence of three based on mRNA that specifies an animo acid

A

codon

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6
Q

includes: light, temperature, nutrients and other factors which can affect the phenotype of an organism

A

environmental factors

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7
Q

sequence of DNA that codes for part of a protein

A

exon

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8
Q

DNA sequence which codes for a protein

A

gene

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9
Q

transcription and translation of genetic information in a gene to produce a specific protein

A

gene expression

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10
Q

non-coding sequence of DNA within a gene

A

intron

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11
Q

carries a copy of the DNA code to a ribosome

A

mature mRNA

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12
Q

alternative term for mature mRNA

A

mature transcript

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13
Q

various chemical links joining amino acids and giving protein molecules their shape

A

molecular interactions

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14
Q

strong chemical links which join amino acids in the primary structure of polypeptides

A

peptide bonds

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15
Q

outward appearance of an organism

A

phenotype

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16
Q

short strand of amino acids

A

polypeptide

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17
Q

molecule made when DNA is transcribed

A

primary transcript

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18
Q

type of RNA that makes up ribosomes

A

rRNA

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19
Q

sugar component of an RNA nucleotide

A

ribose sugar

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20
Q

site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and protein

A

ribosome

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21
Q

ribonucleic acid, which occurs in several forms in cells

A

RNA

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22
Q

enzyme involved in synthesis of primary transcripts from DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

joining of exons following the removal of introns from a primary transcript

A

RNA splicing

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24
Q

triplet transcribed from DNA to a fprimary transcript indicating the start of the gene

A

start codon

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25
triplet on the primary transcript which signals a stop to translation
stop codon
26
copying of DNA sequence to make a primary transcription. Synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA
Transcription
27
transfers specific amino acids to the mRNA on the ribosomes
tRNA
28
production of a polypeptide using sequences of mRNA
translation
29
RNA base not found in DNA but complementary to Adenine in translation
Uracil (U)
30
what are examples of protein controlling organisms
receptors, enzymes and hormones
31
function of mRNA
carries the genetic information to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
32
uses/ function of protein?
> produce pathogens > membrane: proteins are channels > structures: hair, nails, large % of skin > blood: haemoglobin protein carries oxygen in our blood
33
what are the three types of RNA?
> mRNA (messenger RNA) > tRNA (transfer RNA) > rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
34
differences between DNA and RNA?
> RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded > Instead of having Thymine as a base in RNA, it is replaced by Uracil > RNA contains ribose sugar not deoxyribose
35
how is mRNA formed?
transcribed from DNA in the nucleus (transcription)
36
function of mRNA
carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
37
why does tRNA fold?
due to complementary base pairing
38
function of amino acid
carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome
39
what are the 2 sites on a tRNA molecule which other molecules can attach?
> 3' end attachment site | > anti codon (exposed triplet of bases)
40
what is the first step in the process of transcription/ producing mRNA?
RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases (only happening at the gene end to be copied)
41
what is the second step in the process of transcription/ producing mRNA?
RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides onto the 3' end of the growing mRNA molecule
42
what is the third step in the process of transcription/ producing mRNA?
the RNA polymerase synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing, the base Adenine is paired with Uracil instead of Thymine.
43
what is the fourth step in the process of transcription?
The primary transcript of mRNA then undergoes splicing where non-coding introns are removed and the remaining exons are joint together forming a mature transcript of mRNA
44
what is the enzyme responsible for transcription
RNA polymerase
45
where does the process of transcription take place
in the nucleus
46
non-coding regions of mRNA
introns
47
coding regions of mRNA
exons
48
what does RNA splicing form?
mature mRNA transcript
49
what is splicing?
introns are removed from the primary transcript, exons are kept and joined together to form the mature mRNA transcript
50
what is alternative splicing?
different mature mRNA transcripts are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which exons are retained
51
what is the effect of alternative splicing?
different proteins can be expressed from one gene as a result of alternative RNA splicing
52
what is the first step of translation?
the mRNA molecule travels through the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome
53
what is the second step of translation?
tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome
54
what is the third step of translation?
each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid so the first codon of an mRNA molecule is a start codon which signals the beginning of translation
55
what is the fourth step of translation?
A second tRNA molecule with the anti codon which has complementary base pairs to the second codon, binds to it.
56
what is the fifth step of translation?
A peptide bond then forms between adjacent amino acids to form a polypeptide (protein)
57
what is the sixth step of translation?
the first tRNA molecule leaves the ribosome and repeats the process to create a polypeptide chain
58
what is the seventh step of translation?
The last codon of an mRNA molecule is a stop codon, when this is reached it signals the end of translation
59
where does the modification of the primary transcript of mRNA occur
in the nucleus
60
where does the collection of amino acids by tRNA occur?
in the cytoplasm
61
where does the formation of codon-anti codon links occur
at the ribosome
62
what are the subunits of protein?
``` Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S- only sometimes) ```
63
how many types of amino acids are there?
20
64
what is the length of protein molecules?
varies from few to many thousands
65
why does folding occur in the secondary structure of protein?
due to the hydrogen bonds between certain amino acids in a polypeptide chain
66
describe the protein primary structure
linked together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain
67
describe the protein secondary structure
due to hydrogen bonds, folding occurs between certain amino acids in a polypeptide chain
68
describe the protein tertiary structure
produced by additional bonds between amino acids in the chain e.g between sulphur atoms
69
describe the protein quaternary structure
the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits are arranged together to form a 3D shape to carry out functions
70
why do proteins have a variety of shapes?
because their shape is determined by their functions
71
what influences phenotype?
environmental factors
72
what is phenotype determined by?
proteins produced as a result of gene expression

Higher Biology (SQA) (5 decks)

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