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AP Biology > Unit 1 - Ecology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Ecology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q
  • circadian
  • circannual
  • lunar
A
  • daily
  • yearly
  • changing moon
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2
Q

Taxis Oriental Movement

A

automatic movement towards or away from a certain sitmulus

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3
Q

Estivation v. Hibernation

A

Estivation: inactive state resembling deep sleep, protects animals living in hot summer areas from heat and dryness

Hibernation: Animals breathing and heart rate slows and they drop body temp, stop eating and exercizing to save energy in winter

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4
Q

Diurnal

A

active in the day time

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5
Q

Agnostic behavior

A

contest involving threats between animals, tests to see which one would win a real fight without doing harm

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6
Q

Tundra

A
  • northeastern limit of plant growth
  • treeless + high altitude
  • permafrost 1 meter below ground
    - prevents root and plant growth
  • windy/cold = short growing season
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7
Q

Deciduous Forests

A
  • Dense trees
  • cold winters and hot summers
  • leaves die in winter
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8
Q

epiphytes

A

plants that live on other plants

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9
Q

neritic zone

A

shallow regions over the continental shelf

-coral reefs

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10
Q

FRESH WATER BIOMES

  • littoral zone
  • limnetic zone
  • profundal zone
A
  • shallow close to shore
  • open surface of water
  • deep aphotic regions
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11
Q

oligotrophic

A
  • deep
  • nutrient poor
  • little life
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12
Q

coeveolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary adaptions of 2 interacting species

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13
Q

kinesis

A

change in activity in response to a stimulus

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14
Q

coniferous Forest / Boreal / Taiga

A
  • very big
  • many trees
  • dryer
    • trees adapter by having needles
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15
Q

cognition

A

process of knowing, includes awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement

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16
Q

operent conditioning

A

an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a rewards / punishment

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17
Q

associative learning

A

associate 1 feature of their environment with another

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when 2 stimuli are simultaneously paired

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19
Q

fixed action pattern

A

a sequence of behavioral arts that are unchangable and carried to completion once initiated
-triggered by external sensory called SIGN STIMULUS

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20
Q

Foraging behavior

A

food-obtaining behavior

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21
Q

optimal foraging model

A

views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition & costs of gaining food

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22
Q

imprinting

A

learned behavior during a certain period based on experiences

ex. young animals learn to follow parents
ex. salmon imprint on chemicals in the stream they were born and can trace them

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23
Q

habituation

A

loss of response to an important stimuli

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24
Q

spatial learning

A

knowing spaces around to find things

ex. remembering where the path to your nest is

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25
- promiscuous | - monogamous
- no strong pair-bonds | - 1 male + 1 female
26
polygamous - polyandry - polygyny
an individual of 1 sex mates with several individuals of the other sex - 1 female many males - 1 male many females
27
phermones
chemicals used to communicate
28
altruistic behavior
puts another organisms well being over self interest | ex. infertile workers work on behalf of fertile queen bee
29
rain shadow
rains on one side of a hill/ mountain and is dry on the other ex. its hot in the central valley which causes water to evaporate and create fog in other areas
30
why are lakes sensitive to seasons?
in the winter the water cools and the 4º water sinks to bottom (most dense at 4º) and frozen water rises in spring and fall everything is the same temp and the water circulates
31
shrublands / chaparral
grows on poor soil with wind and slopes - not good enough soil for trees - adapted to fire
32
grasslands
good for agriculture - excellent soil - grazing animals
33
savannas / oak woodland
transitional biome - grassland with scattered trees - wet season + dry season
34
- arctic tundra | - alpine tundra
- Alaska | - very high mountain tops
35
deserts
- low rain fall/ hot - sparse vegetation - nocturnal animals - uniform pattern of dispersion b/c competition for water
36
tropical forests
- layered vegetation - close to equator - lots of animals - rapid decomposition
37
- phytoplankton | - zooplankton
- so many, responsible for much of the O2 production - smallest simplest plant life - eaten by zoolpankton (animals)
38
photic zone
light can penetrate | photosynthesis can occur
39
upwelling
cooler, nutrient rich water, towards surface
40
oceanic zone
past the continental shelves, can be deep
41
pelagic zone
open water
42
benthic zone (benthos)
sea floor | -detritus
43
wetlands
areas covered with water | -supports many types of plants
44
estuaries
where fresh and salt water meet
45
intertidal zone
land meets water | -covered and uncovered throughout day
46
eutrophic
shallow | high in nutrients
47
mesotrophic
moderate nutrients | moderate phytoplankton activity
48
prokaryotes
single celled organisms
49
archea
prokaryotes that inhabit extreme environments
50
auto-inducer
a chemical that when sensed by an organism makes it do something
51
quorum-sensing
a process utilized by bacteria where they all release auto inducers and when enough bacteria are present they can sense the auto inducers and they all complete an action to make it more powerful
52
indirect indicators of population size
nests, burrows, tracks, poop
53
demography
study of factors that affect the growth and decline of a population
54
type 1 curve
low death rate early
55
type 2 curve
equal chance of death throughout life
56
type 3 curve
many organisms die young, but those that live live for a while
57
equation for population size
change in number / change in time = B-D | change in size / change in time = births - deaths
58
r - select
a population that grows and crashes and can never reach carrying capacity ex. 50% of the population dies every winter
59
density dependent factors
- territoriality - predation - competition - waste accumulation - disease
60
density independent factors
- freeze - seasons - fire - storms
61
allee affect
large size is beneficial ex. protection while huddeling in group takes 2 wolves to kill/ corner 1 deer darkness of tadpooles makes the water warmer
62
aposematic coloration
warning colors and markings
63
what are the trophic levels?
- quaternary consumers = carnivore - tritary consumers = carnivore - secondary consumer = carnivores - primary consumers = herbivores - primary producers = autotrophs
64
batesian mimicry
1 harmless species mimics a harmful one
65
müllerran mimicry
2+ harmful species mimic each other to "reinforce the point"
66
1st step in primary succession
nutrients in rock and water let algae grow, bird dropping adds nutrients then fungus + algae = lichen lichen grows and dies... eventually becomes soil for moss which out competes the lichen
67
comensalism
relationship that is positive for one organism, neutral for the other
68
why is intermediate disturbance good?
wipes out some competition and allows other species to grow back
69
mark recapture
n = number marked * total 2nd catch ---------------------------------------------------- number of recaptured

AP Biology (4 decks)

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