Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
self-stigma
A
acceptance of prejudice and discrimination based on internalized negative societal beliefs or stereotypes
2
Q
self-efficacy
A
belief in ones ability to succeed
3
Q
trephining
A
part of the skull was chipped away to provide an opening through which the evil spirits could escape, in hopes that the person would return to his or her normal state
4
Q
hysteria
A
involving the sudden appearance of usual symptoms that had no apparent physical cause
5
Q
tarantism
A
characterized by agitation and frenzied dancing
6
Q
moral treatment movement
A
a shift to more humane care for people who were mentally disturbed
7
Q
biological viewpoint
A
the belief that mental disorders have a physical or physiological basis
8
Q
Louis Pasteur’s effort
A
- germ theory of disease
- biological viewpoint
- general paresis
9
Q
Emil Kraepelin
A
- proposed that mental disorders could be directly linked to biologically based brain disorders
- further proposed a diagnostic classification for all disorders
10
Q
psychological viewpoint
A
the belief that mental disorders are caused by psychological and emotional factors
11
Q
Frederich Anton Mesmer
A
- presented an early challenge of the biological viewpoint
- animal magnetism
- mesmerism
- tried to treat hysteria
12
Q
mesmerism
A
a technique that evolved into the modern practice of hypnotism
13
Q
Josef Breuer
A
-he discovered that after one of his female patients spoke quite freely snout her past traumatic experiences while in a trance, many of her physical symptoms disappeared
14
Q
cathartic method
A
the therapeutic use of verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts
15
Q
who’s practice foreshadowed the practice of psychoanalysis?
A
Sigmund Freud
16
Q
intrapsychic phenomenon
A
- psychological processes occurring within the mind
- stressed the importance of observable behaviors and the conditions that produce and maintain symptoms of mental disorders
17
Q
microaggressions
A
the brief everyday statements or behaviors that slight or reintegrate members of socially marginalized groups
18
Q
recovery movement
A
the perspective that those with mental illness can recover and live satisfying, hopeful, and meaningful lives, even with limitations caused by illness
19
Q
anosognosia
A
a lack of awareness of or insight into ones own mental dysfunction
20
Q
reliability
A
The degree to which a procedure, test, or classification system yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstances
21
Q
test-retest reliability
A
determines whether a measure yields the same results when given at two different points in time
22
Q
internal consistency reliability
A
requires that various parts of a test yield similar or consistent results
23
Q
interrater reliability
A
refers to how consistent or inconsistent test results are when scored by different test administrators
24
Q
validity
A
The extent to which a test or procedure actually performs the function it was designed to perform
25
predictive validity
how well a test or measure predicts or forecasts a persons behavior, response, or performance
26
Construct validity
how well a test or measure relates to those characteristics or disorder in question
27
content validity
how well a test measures what it is intended to measure
28
psychosis
A condition involving loss of contact with or a distorted view of reality, including disorganized thinking, boss beliefs, or seeing or hearing things that are not there
29
standardization
the use of identical procedures in the administration of tests
30
standardization sample
The comparison group on which test norms are based
31
psychological assessment
involves gathering information and trying to inclusions about the traits, skills, abilities, emotional functioning, and psychological problems of an individual
32
projective personality test
The examiner would present you with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, pictures, or incomplete sentences, and ask you to respond to them in someway
33
the Rorschach test
- consist of 10 cards that display symmetrical ink blot designs
- if you were taking this test, the examiner would show you the cards one at a time and ask you to describe what you see in the blots
34
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- consists of 30 picture cards
- if you were to take the test, you would be shown 20 cards, one at a time, and the examiner would ask you to tell a story about what is going on in each picture, what led up to it, and what the outcome would be
- provides information about your personality and your unconscious conflicts, worries, or motives
35
purpose of self report inventories
used to assess personality or other symptoms such as depression, anxiety, or emotional reactivity
36
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- A self-report personality inventory that is frequently used by practicing psychologists
- The aim is to describe an individuals personality as clearly as possible
- assesses different personality characteristics
37
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- assesses intelligence in individuals ages 2 to 85
- if you were to take this test, the examiner would first establish a basal age and a ceiling age as part of the process of calculating your IQ scores
38
Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test
- nine geometric designs, each drawn in black on a piece of white cardboard, or presented one at a time to the test taker, who is asked to copy them on a piece of paper
- certain drawing errors are characteristic of neurological impairment
39
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
successfully differentiates patience with brain damage from those without brain damage and can provide valuable information about the type and location of the damage
40
structural imaging
allows researchers to noninvasively visualize brain structures
41
functional imaging
allows researchers to monitor the physiological processes occurring within the brain
42
CT scan
- uses multiple cross-sectional x-rays to rapidly produce brain images
- detects brain deterioration or major abnormality
43
MRI
- uses a constant magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and its tissues
- abnormalities in white matter and gray matter can be seen
44
EEG
- electrodes attached to the scalp detect electrical activity from neurons firing in the cortex
- confirms coma or brain death and also detect seizures
45
MEG
- electrodes within a helmet measure the magnetic field generated from electrical activity occurring close to the brain surface
- provides even more precise localization and measurement of surface electrical activity than the EEG
46
fMRI
- Constant magnetic field and radio waves measure changes in blood flow and oxygenation
- can detect Location and patterns of brain activation associated with different mental processes and reduced blood flow associated with clots
47
DTI
- an MRI variation that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to track diffusion of water molecules throughout the brain
- provides data regarding axons, nerve fibers, and connections
48
PET
- nuclear imaging technique using computer monitoring of a very radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream
- can detect neuronal damage and neural chemical changes, including gene expression and activity of neurotransmitters
49
SPECT
- less expensive and less detailed nuclear imaging technique
| - provides basic information about metabolism and blood flow for a longer time period than a PET scan
50
comprbidity
refers to the presence of two or more disorders in the same person
51
subtypes
distinctly different sub groups within a diagnostic category
52
specifiers
allow clinicians to indicate whether a person has certain characteristics associated with a diagnostic category
53
remission
A significant improvement in the symptoms of a disorder
54
prognosis
prediction of the probable outcome of a disorder, including the chances of a full recovery
55
cross-cutting measures
assesses common symptoms that are not specific to one disorder
56
criticisms about the DSM-5
-labeling a person as having a mental disorder can result in overgeneralization, stigma, and stereotypes
-A label may lead those who are labile to believe that they do indeed possess characteristics associated with the label or may cause them to behave in accordance with the label
although healthcare organizations often require labels, a mental health diagnosis does not necessarily provide useful information
57
internal validity
The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due solely to the effect of changes in the independent variable
58
research bias
The belief that a certain therapy is superior
59
evidence-based therapies
treatments that have the highest level of research support
60
operational definitions
concrete definitions of the variables that researchers are studying
61
reliability
refers to the degree to which a measure or procedure yields the same results repeatedly
62
base rate
the rate of natural occurrence of a phenomenon in the population studied
63
Psychotic symptoms
The unusual thoughts or reactions seen in individuals with schizophrenia
64
statistical significance
this is a cycle probability that the findings are not due to chance alone
65
independent variable
The possible cause which the experimenter manipulates to determine its affect on a dependent variable
66
dependent variable
which is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable
67
experimental group
A group exposed to an independent variable
68
Control group
A group that is similar in every way to the experimental group except they are not exposed to the independent variable
69
Single-blind design
participants in an experiment are unaware of the purpose of the research
70
double-blind design
an experimental design in which neither of those helping with the experiment nor the participants are aware of the experimental conditions
71
analogue study
an investigation that attempts to replicate or simulate, under controlled conditions, a situation that occurs in real life
72
field study
an investigative technique in which behaviors and events are observed and recorded in their natural environment
73
case study
an intensive study of one individual that relies on clinical data, such as observations, psychological tests, and historical and biographical information
74
single-participant experiment
- an experiment performed on a single individual in with some aspect of the persons behavior is used as a controller or baseline for comparison with future behaviors
- only this experiment can determine cause and affect relationships
75
limitations of case studies
- because a study involves a single individual or specific situation, questions arise about whether the findings are applicable to other individuals with similar problems
- The data gathered in case studies often reflect the theoretical perspective or bias of the investigator
76
multiple-baseline study
A single participant experimental design in which baselines on two or more behaviors or the same behavior in two or more settings are obtained prior to intervention
77
external validity
The degree to which findings of a particular study can be generalized to other groups or conditions
78
endophenotypes
measurable characteristics that can give clues regarding the specific genes involved in a disorder
79
genetic linkage study
Studies that attempt to determine whether a disorder follows a genetic pattern
80
Penetrance
The proportion of individuals caring a specific barrier of a gene who also express the associated trait
81
epidemiological research
The study of the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in a population
82
iatrogenic effects
unintended effects of an intervention; such as an unintended change in behavior resulting from a medication or a psychological technique used in treatment
83
longitudinal research
A methodology that involves observing, assessing, and evaluating peoples behaviors over a long period
84
Meta-analysis
A statistical method in which researchers combine and analyze the results from numerous studies focused on the same or similar phenomena
85
evidence-based practice
treatment decisions based on best current research combined with clinicians judgment and client needs
86
RDOC
another approach away from the DSM-5 that looks more at biological and neurological markers
87
HTOP (Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology)
A dimensional classification system driven by data to observe clusters and notice overlaps
88
classical categorial approach
- One set of criteria prayer disorder; you either have it or you don’t
- no overlap and no gray area
89
dimension approach
- various criteria are rated on a scale of 1 to 10 and a profile is created
- places in a great area and not a box
90
Prototypical approach
- sets up a bunch of symptoms, and you have a certain number of them
- our current approach
91
criterion group
- the group we are interested in; they are receiving treatment
- they are the group we predict to have active effect
92
proband
- The starting point of a family study
- A researcher has identified symptoms/behaviors they would like to study and needs to identify first-degree relatives in the family with certain diagnoses
93
cross-sectional splice
Compiling a group of people of different ages and comparing their behavior/diagnoses at a single time
94
quasi-experiment
The experiment involves using two unidentified groups that get treated as the independent variable to predict an outcome before identified
95
clinical significance
main focus on making a real difference in a persons life rather than the stats
