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Psychology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system? What do they include?

A

Central- brain and spinal chord
Peripheral- everything else

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

What do the somatic and autonomic divisions control?

A

Somatic- voluntary (skeletal)

Autonomic- involuntary (smooth muscle and glands)

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions do?

A

Parasympathetic- “rest and digest”
Sympathetic- “flight or fight”

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6
Q

What are the three types of neurons? What do they do?

A
  1. Motor (Central–>Peripheral)
  2. Sensory (Peripheral–>Central)
  3. Interneuron (inside the central)
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7
Q

Cell body

A

Cell’s life support center

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other cells

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9
Q

Axon

A

Sends messages away from body

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

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11
Q

Action potential

A

Critical threshold met sends a signal

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12
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential down axon

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13
Q

Glial cells

A

Supporting cells

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14
Q

What type of messengers are neurotransmitter/hormones

A

Chemical

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15
Q

Reflex arc

A

Body responds quickly because nerve doesn’t travel all the way to central nervous system

i.e. when you touch a hot surface

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16
Q

Synaptic gap

A

The gap between the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messages that are way slower than neurotransmitters because they must go through whole body/bloodstream

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18
Q

Where can hormones and the pituitary gland be found?

A

Endocrine system

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19
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Most influential gland/regulates growth and secretes different hormones

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20
Q

Lesions

A

Destruction of tiny parts of the brain

Can be on purpose or naturally occurring

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21
Q

What are the three main divisions of the brain?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Hindbrain
  3. Midbrain
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22
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

Thalamus

A

“Relay center” and decides where specifically the signals go

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24
Q

Limbic system

A

Regulates emotions and drives

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25
Amygdala
Aggression and fear
26
Hypothalamus
Helps maintain homeostasis
27
Hippocampus
Memory
28
Pituitary
Master endocrine gland
29
Cerebrum
In forebrain/largest region of the brain
30
Cerebral cortex
Wrinkly stuff on top of cerebrum control and information processing center
31
How many lobes does each hemisphere have?
4 lobes each
32
Frontal lobe
Speaking, muscle movements, making plans/judgements, personality *Contains the motor cortex*
33
Parietal lobe
Receives sensory input and body positions *Contains somatosensory cortex*
34
Occipital lobe
Receives information from the visual fields
35
Temporal lobe
Auditory area, receive information from opposite ear
36
Spinal chord
Pathway for neural fibers/control simple reflexes
37
Cerebellum
Voluntary movement and balance *Hindbrain*
38
Motor coretx
In the frontal lobe, motor output, opposite side control
39
Somatosensory cortex
In the parietal lobe, sensory in and out, opposite side receiving
40
Association areas
Associated with higher order functioning (math, planning, logic, judgments, etc...) *Only use 10% of brain myth*
41
Genetics
Focuses on what makes us different
42
Chromosomes
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
43
Self regulating genes
Genes aren’t always active (expressed) and can interact with the environment
44
Monozygotic twins
Genetically identical twins/100% the same DNA
45
Dizygotic twins
Genetically siblings but fraternal twins/50% DNA
46
How are personalities determined?
Genetically
47
Epigenetics
The study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression
48
Evolutionary psychology
Focuses on what makes us similar *Based on natural selection*
49
Sensation
Sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli *The data*
50
Perception
Brain organizes and interprets sensory information *Understanding the data*
51
3 similarities between senses
1. Receive sensory stimulation 2. Transform sensory stimulation into neural impulses 3. Deliver neural information to the brain
52
Transduction
Conversion of one form of energy to another
53
Schema
Way that we group information
54
Sensory adaptation
Diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation *Not noticing a/c unit until it turns off*
55
Perceptual set
Mental predisposition to perceive something over another *Context effects, emotions, motivations, schemas, ambiguous sensation*
56
Context effects
Context (environmental factors) that surrounds an event effects how an event is perceived and remembered
57
Absolute threshold
Minimum stimuli's energy needed to detect a particular stimulus
58
Difference threshold
How much change needs to happen until you notice the change
59
Weber's law
The difference threshold is related to the initial strength of the stimulus *Hearing someone's phone buzz in class vs at a concert to notice*
60
Subliminal stimulus
Below the absolute threshold. The perception of stimuli which are presented too weakly or quickly to be recognized consciously *Too fleeting to enable exploitation with subliminal messages*
61
Top down approach
Perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge
62
What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up
Bottom-up processing involves taking in sensory information and processing it to form a coherent understanding of the task at hand. Top-down processing, on the other hand, involves using pre-existing knowledge and context to guide the understanding and execution of the task
63
Bottom-up approach
Taking in sensory information and processing it to form a coherent understanding of the task at hand
64
Is subliminal stimulus powerful enough to endure effects on behavior?
NO

Psychology (5 decks)

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