Unit 1 Exam

Question 1

Hypothesis
(Scientific basics)

Answer 1

possible explanations for our observations

Question 2

theory
(Scientific basics)

Answer 2

well tested and widely accepted view that the scientific community generally agrees upon

Question 3

scientific methods
(Scientific basics)

Answer 3

careful observation, construct hypothesis, test hypothesis

Question 4

basic assumptions
(Scientific basics)

Answer 4

-the world is understandable
-scientific ideas are subject to change
-scientific knowledge is durable
-science cannot provide complete answers to all questions

Question 5

original horizontally
(relative dating)

Answer 5

rock layers typically form a nearly horizontal position

Question 6

superposition
(relative dating)

Answer 6

rock layers become younger from bottom to top

Question 7

lateral continuity
(relative dating)

Answer 7

rock layers are assumed to have originally extended laterally in all direction unless they are observed to pinch out or terminate

Question 8

cross cutting relationship
(relative dating)

Answer 8

any geologic feature that cuts across another the younger of the two layers(faults)

Question 9

inclusion
(relative dating)

Answer 9

where fragments of one rock type is contained within rocks of another type, rock included is older

Question 10

oldest to youngest
(relative dating)

Answer 10

EGLCHMDJANKBF

Question 11

numeric dating

Answer 11

geologic clock, occurs at a constant rate, radioactive decay

Question 12

radioactive decay
(numeric dating)

Answer 12

measuring the quantity of unstable atoms left in a rock and compare into the quantity of stable daughter atoms in the rock

Question 13

phanerozoic
(geologic time scale)

Answer 13

-eon
-visible life
-hard bodied fossils

Question 14

cenozoic
(geologic time scale)

Answer 14

-era
-recent life
-mammals

Question 15

mesozoic
(geologic time scale)

Answer 15

-era
-middle life
-reptiles and dinosaurs

Question 16

paleozoic
(geologic time scale)

Answer 16

-era
-ancient life
-intervertebral, fish, amphibians

Question 17

Jurassic
(geologic time scale)

Answer 17

-period
-Mesozoic era

Question 18

Cambrian
(geologic time scale)

Answer 18

-period
-Paleozoic era

Question 19

how do we know what is inside the earth
(earths structure)

Answer 19

ultrasonography
-we measure earthquake waves, which have a low frequency but a lot of energy

Question 20

inner core
(earths structure)

Answer 20

composed of iron
high density
high pressure

Question 21

outer core
(earths structure)

Answer 21

high density
high pressure
liquid

Question 22

mantle
(earths structure)

Answer 22

composed of iron rich silicate rocks
solid but able to flow over long timescales

Question 23

astheosphere
(earths structure)

Answer 23

relatively weak and plastic zone
upper mantle
flows with time

Question 24

lithosphere
(earths structure)

Answer 24

cool and rigid outer surface of the earth
uppermost mantle and crust

Question 25

crust (earths structure)

Answer 25

oceanic and continental

Question 26

oceanic (earths structure)

Answer 26

thinner, basaltic, more dense, relatively young

Question 27

continental (earths structure)

Answer 27

thicker, granite, less dense, can be very old

Question 28

igneous rock (rock cycle)

Answer 28

rock formed by the cooling and solidifying of liquid rock(magma) often formed by layer deposits

Question 29

intrusive (rock cycle)

Answer 29

form when magma cools slowly before it reaches the earths surface eg granite

Question 30

extrusive (rock cycle)

Answer 30

forms when magma cools rapidly after it reaches the earths surface eg basalt

Question 31

sedimentary (rock cycle)

Answer 31

formed by compactions and cementation of sediment typically form well layered deposits eg limestone and sandstone

Question 32

metamorphic (rock cycle)

Answer 32

form from the alteration of preexisting rocks caused by increases in temp and pressure eg gneiss

Question 33

evidence of continental drift

Answer 33

-glacial ice petrified wood -glossopteris -mesosaur -boundaries of continents -ancient climate patterns -plant and animal ranges work -ancient environments at right altitude -similar rock types -mountain belt ranges

Question 34

mid ocean ridges (sea floor spreading)

Answer 34

discovered in1872 an interconnect system of mostly underwater mountains on the seafloor, areas of recent or active volcanism

Question 35

paleomagnetism (sea floor spreading)

Answer 35

earths magnetic flow is produced by the flow of iron in the outer core, when igneous rock cools, some minerals pressure a signature of the original magnetic orientation at the time formed, can be read by sensors study of earths sock shows that the earths magnetic field changes and reverses itself, takes thousands of years

Question 36

tectonic plates (plate motion)

Answer 36

a section of lithosphere (solid rock) commonly composed of both oceanic and continental crust, something is either being created or destroyed

Question 37

relative motion (plate motion)

Answer 37

measured relative to another tectonic plate (which is also moving)

Question 38

absolute motion (plate motion)

Answer 38

measured relative to a fixed reference point measured relative to a gps, relative to mantle hotspot

Question 39

divergent (plate motion)

Answer 39

plates moving apart from one another

Question 40

convergent (plate motion)

Answer 40

subduction, destructive, trench, volcanic activity ocean ocean-marinas trench ocean continent-Cascadia subduction zone continent continent-mountains mount Everest

Question 41

transform (plate motion)

Answer 41

plates slide past each other -creates earthquakes -San Andrea's fault

Question 42

Wilson cycle

Answer 42

the cycle opening and closing of ocean basins as result of plate tectonics, results in the formation of super continents like Pangea about every 250 million years

Question 43

mantle convection (why plates move)

Answer 43

the mantle undergoes convection. Convection is the movement of a substance according to the temperature of it. There are convection currents that carry heat from interior to the surface. The mantle is solid, but it can slowly move

Question 44

slab pull

Answer 44

slab pull results from the sinking of a cold, dense slab of oceanic lithosphere and is the major driving force of plate motion

Question 45

ridge push

Answer 45

ridge push is a gravity driven force that results from the elevated position of the ridge