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Unit 1 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles (e.g. nucleus); eukaryotes have them.

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2
Q

Why is surface area to volume ratio important for cells?

A

A high SA:V ratio allows efficient exchange of materials (nutrients, gases).

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3
Q

What’s the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP (energy).

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4
Q

What organelle carries out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts.

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5
Q

What are the three types of membrane transport?

A

Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis), facilitated diffusion, active transport.

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6
Q

What does “hydrophilic” mean?

A

Water-loving; dissolves in water (polar).

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7
Q

What does active transport require that passive does not?

A

Energy (ATP).

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8
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

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9
Q

What happens in the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA is replicated.

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10
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two genetically identical cells.

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11
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Prokaryotic cell division (asexual reproduction).

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12
Q

What is the similarity and the difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

A

Similarity: they have the ability to divide and differentiate into other cell types.

Difference:
Totipotent cells are the most versatile, able to form all cell types in the body and extra-embryonic tissues, including the placenta.

Pluripotent cells can differentiate into all cell types in the body but not extra-embryonic tissues.

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13
Q

What does xylem transport and in what direction?

A

Water and minerals: upward only.

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14
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

Sugars (glucose); bidirectional.

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15
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from stomata.

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16
Q

Name three organ systems and one function of each.

A

Digestive → breaks down food; Endocrine → hormones;
Excretory → removes waste.

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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Regulating a relatively stable internal environment maintained within narrow limits.

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18
Q

What are the three components of a stimulus-response model?

A

Receptor → Control centre → Effector.

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19
Q

What hormone lowers blood glucose?

A

Insulin.

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20
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Overactive thyroid → high metabolism, fast heart rate.

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21
Q

What’s the difference between accuracy and precision?

A

Accuracy = closeness to true value; Precision = how consistent results are.

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22
Q

What’s the difference between a theory and a law?

A

Theory = explanation; Law = universal rule based on repeated observation.

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23
Q

What’s the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

A

To compare and check the effect of the independent variable.

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24
Q

What is the independent variable (IV)?

A

The variable you change.

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25
What is primary data?
Data you collect directly through experimentation.
26
How do guard cells help regulate water in plants?
They open/close stomata to control water loss via transpiration.
27
What is the role of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis.
28
Why do animal cells not have chloroplasts?
They do not perform photosynthesis.
29
What type of transport moves water into a cell when it’s in a hypertonic solution?
Osmosis (water will move out of the cell in this case, causing it to shrink).
30
What structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.
31
What is a vesicle?
A small membrane-bound sac used for transport within cells.
32
What does semi-permeable mean (in terms of membranes)?
Only certain molecules can pass through.
33
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.
34
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) responsible for?
Synthesising and transporting proteins (has ribosomes on surface).
35
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) responsible for?
Synthesising lipids and detoxifying chemicals (no ribosomes).
36
What kind of molecules pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer?
Small, non-polar molecules (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide).
37
What molecules require protein channels to cross the membrane?
Large or charged molecules (e.g. glucose, ions).
38
Why is the plasma membrane called a "fluid mosaic model"?
It's made of a flexible phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded like a mosaic.
39
In what direction does water move in osmosis?
From an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
40
What occurs during prophase?
Chromosomes condense, spindle fibres form, nuclear envelope breaks down.
41
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
42
What happens in anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
43
What happens in telophase?
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform.
44
What’s the final step of cell division after mitosis?
Cytokinesis – splitting of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
45
What does reproducibility mean?
The ability to get similar results when different people use different equipment and methods.
46
What is thermoregulation?
The control of internal body temperature.
47
Which gland produces insulin?
Pancreas.
48
What happens when blood glucose is too low?
Glucagon is released, converting glycogen to glucose in the liver.
49
What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis?
Regulate water and salt balance and remove nitrogenous waste (urea).
50
What type of feedback is blood glucose regulation?
Negative feedback.
51
What is type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune disease where pancreas fails to produce insulin.
52
What is translocation?
Movement of sugars through phloem.
53
What is repeatability?
The ability to get consistent results when the same person repeats the experiment using the same method and equipment.
54
What are the four main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (prep for mitosis), M (mitosis and cytokinesis)
55
What happens in S phase?
DNA is replicated.
56
What are the two types of stem cell potency most often examined?
Totipotent (can become any cell, including placental), and pluripotent (can become any body cell).
57
What is hypoglycaemia?
Abnormally low blood glucose levels, leading to dizziness and confusion.
58
Is osmosis a type of active transport?
No — osmosis is passive.
59
How do hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules move across the membrane?
Hydrophilic: via protein channels or carriers Hydrophobic: directly through lipid bilayer
60
What’s the difference between cytokinesis in plant vs animal cells?
Animal: cleavage furrow Plant: cell plate forms (due to rigid wall)
61
What is G0 phase?
A resting phase where cells leave the cycle and do not divide.
62
How can errors in mitosis lead to cancer?
Uncontrolled division due to malfunctioning checkpoints or apoptosis failure.
63
What controls the opening and closing of stomata?
Guard cells.
64
Why does transpiration occur?
Water evaporates from leaves, pulling water upward from roots through xylem.
65
What is translocation?
Movement of sugars via phloem from sources (leaves) to sinks (roots/fruit).
66
What detects changes in internal conditions?
Receptors
67
Give an example of a negative feedback loop.
Blood glucose regulation by insulin and glucagon.
68
Which major system of the human body produces and secretes hormones around the body?
Endocrine system
69
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not have?
Cell wall and chlroplasts.
70
What is the nucleus responsible for?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, responsible for storing and protecting the cell's genetic material (DNA) and regulating gene expression.
71
What is the plasma membrane responsible for?
The plasma membrane is responsible for controlling what enters and exits the cell, protecting the cell's internal environment, and facilitating communication between the cell and its surroundings
72
What is the cell wall responsible for?
The cell wall is primarily responsible for providing structural support, protection, and shape to cells. (plant cells)
73
What is the cytoplasm responsible for?
The cytoplasm is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protecting them from damage. It stores the molecules required for cellular processes.
74
What are the chloroplasts responsible for?
Chloroplasts are responsible for capturing light energy and using it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. (plant cells)
75
Identify and describe how prokaryotic cells would reproduce.
Binary Fission. Chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell membrane. Cell elongates and cross walls form, causing cells to separate, forming 2 identical daughter cells.
76
What is the purpose of carrier proteins?
Facilitated diffusion of substances such as ions or large molecules
77
Which type of stem cell, pluripotent or totipotent, would derive the greatest change to an organism if it was modified and allowed to replicate via mitosis? Explain your choice.
Totipotent as these are the first cells of the organism, all cells differentiate from them. Any changes made at this stage will be in every cell from this point.
78
State one example of how a medical condition could be treated with stem cells.
Skin graphs for burns.
79
Where and what does G1 check for?
G1 checks for sufficient nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage in the parental cell and occurs during the G1 stage of the cell cycle.
80
What are the three types of mutations? And give an exampe for each.
Physical mutagen such as radiation Chemical mutagen such as agent orange Biological mutagen such as Epstein Barr virus or HPV
81
What is p53 gene responsible for?
The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle and cell death.
82
What is a characteristic of cancer cells that can lead to this untypical behaviour of them rapidly dividing?
Cancer cells have abnormal membranes so cannot regulate what enters and exits the cell.
83
What is the role of the sieve cells in phloem?
To move sugar via translocation and and to move sugars to sink cells for immediate use or storage
84
What are the steps of the stomata opening?
1. the solute concentration in the guard cells become higher than in the surrounding cell 2. water moves by osmosis into the guard cells 3. the turgidity of the guard cells increases 4. the outer wall of the guard cells expands at a greater rate than the inner wall, opening the pore.
85
State things that differentiate eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
* Presence of membrane bound nucleus * Presence of membrane bound organelles * Size of the cell – larger * Complexity of the cell – more complex than a prokaryotic cell
86

BIO 1/2 (5 decks)

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