Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology review > Unit 1 Exam Review > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Review Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

The slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule of water are attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atoms of other water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interactions with water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are functional groups?

A

An atom or group of atoms attatched to a molecule that gives the molecule particular chemical/physical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl,carboxyl, amino acid, sulfhydryl and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydroxyl(-OH)

A

Found in carbs, proteins, Nucleic Acids and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Carbonly(-C0

A

Found in carbs and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carboxyl(-COOH)

A

Found in proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amino(NH2)

A

Found in proteins and Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sulfhydryl(SH)

A

Found in proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phosphate(PO4)

A

Found in nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

large, complex molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Large molecule composed of smaller monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a monomer?

A

smallest repeating unit of a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In carbs, what is the polymer and momomer of starch grains in chloroplasts?

A

Polymer:Starch Monomer:Monosaachride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In nucleic acids, what is the polymer and monomer in a chromosomes?

A

Polymer:DNA strand
Monomer:Nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In proteins, what is the polymer and monomer in an intermediate filament?

A

Polymer:Polypeptide
Monomer:Amino Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In lipids, what is the polymer and monomer in adipose cells with fat droplets?

A

Polymer:Tryglyceride
Monomer:Fatty acids bonded to glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

biological macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a monosacchride?

A

a carbohydrate composed between three and seven atoms (Also clasified as a simple sugar)(E.X Glucose, fructose and galactose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together(E.X Sucrose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds(Starch, glycogen and cellulose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are lipids?

A

macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are tryglycerides?

A

Lipid molecule compsed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by an ester bond (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are fatty acids?
Hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group
26
What is a saturated fatty acid?(cheese)
Saturated has no double bonds between carbon atoms
27
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?(oils)
Unsaturated has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
28
What are phospholipids?
Lipid composed of glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group
29
What is a lipid bilayer?
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails gowing towards the centre interatcing with one another
30
What is a protein?
macromolecule compsed of amono acid monomers linked by covalent bonds
31
What are amino acids?
Orgnic molecule compsed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group
32
What is a polypeptide
Polymer composed of many amino acids linked together
33
How are polymers broken down?
They are broken down by hydrolysis reactions
34
Monosaccharide: Structure, example and functions
S:Single 3-7 carbon atom based structure E:Glucose,fructose, galactose F:Primary energy source
35
Disaccharide: Structure, example and functions
S:2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage E:Sucrose, lactose,maltose F: Dietary sugars used for energy
36
Polysaccharide: Structure, example and functions
S:many monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkge E:Starch, glycogen and cellulose F: Glycogen is a form of storing glucose in animals. Cellulose gives structural support for plants
37
Tryglyceride: Structure, example and functions
S:3 Fatty acids by an ester linkage E:Lard, butter, vegetable oils F: long-term energy storage and acts to cushion organs and insulate from heat loss
38
Phospholipid: Structure, example and functions
S:2 fatty acids and phosphate group E:Phosphatidylcholine F: forms the main structure of cell membranes
39
Catalyst: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Amylase, sucrase F:speeds up chem reactions
40
Transport: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Hemogoblin, ion channel proteins F:transports specific substances
41
Structural: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Collagen, keratin F:provides structure
42
Movement: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Myosin, actin F:Enables movement
43
Regulatory: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:Hormones, neurotransmitters F:carries cellular messages
44
Defence: Structure, example and functions
S:Has amino acids joined by a peptide bond E:antibodes F:fights infection
45
What is oxidation?
The process involving the loss of electrons
46
What is reduction?
the process involving the gain of electrons
47
What is a redox reaction?
chem reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another (Oxidation reduction reaction)
48
What is a condensation reaction?
chem reactionn that results in the formation of a covalent bond between 2 molecules with the production of a water molecule
49
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Chem reaction that results in cleavage of a covalent bond with the addition of a water molecule
50
What is a catalyst?
a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy for the reaction
51
What is an enzyme?
Bio macromolecule that catalyzes or speeds up a chemical reaction in biological systems
52
What is the nucleolus?
the non-membrane bound structure in the nucleus , which contains RNA and proteins
53
What is the nuclear envelope?
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
54
What is the nuclear pore envelope?
Group of proteins forming an opening in the nuclear envelope
55
What is the function of the nucleus?
control of the genetical information of the cell and thus the heredity characteristics of an organism
56
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A complex system of channels and sacs compsed of membranes enclosing a lumen(Rough and Smooth ER)
57
What is the fucntion of the ER?
calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
58
What are Ribosomes?
Structure composed of RNA and proteins , and is reponsible fr synthesis of polypeptides in the cytosol and on the surface of the rough ER
59
What is a vesicle?
membrane-enclosed sac used for transport and storage
60
What is the function of a vesicle?
move substances into or out of the cell
61
What is the golgi apparatus?
stack of curved membrane sacs that packages, pocesses, sorts, and distributes proteins, lipids and other substances within a cell
62
What are lysosomes?
A membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions. breaking down macromolecules
63
What are peroxisomes?
membrane-bound sacs that contain oxidative enzymes that break down excess fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide, aned participate in the synthesis of bile acids and cholesterol.
64
What is a vacuole?
Large membrane-bound sac in plant cells and some other cells that stores water, ions, macromolecules, sugars and amino acids
65
What are chloroplasts?
An organelle within the cell of photosynthetic organisms in which light energy from the sun is captured and stored in the form of high-energy organic molecules such as glucose
66
What is mitochondrion?
an organelle in eukaryotic cells in which high-energy organic molecules are oxidized to obtain energy
67
What is the cell wall?
layer rurrounding a plant, algea, fungal, bacterial and some archaea cells
68
What is the cytoskeleton?
network ofprotein fibres that extends throughout the cytosol, providing structure, shape, support, and motility
69
What is passive transport?
movement of ions/molecules across a cell membrane from a reigon of higher to lower concentration without energy
70
What is the concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration between one side of a membrane and the other
71
What is diffusion?
the net movement of ions/molecules from an area of high to low concentration
72
What is osmosis?
the movement of water from an area of higher to lower comcentration across a semi-permeable membrane
73
What is facilitated diffusion?
the transport of ions/molecules across a membrane by means of a membrane protein along the concentration gradient for that ion/molecule
74
What is a channel protein?
Membrane protein that forms a channel across the cell membrane that allows specific ions/molecules to cross the membrane along theur concentration gradients
75
What is a carrier protein?
membrane protein that binds to and transports one or more particles of a substance from one side of a membrane to another
76
What is active transport?
the transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient
77
What is primary active transport?
A cellular process that uses ATP directly to move molecules/ions from one side of a membrane to another
78
What is secondaryactive transport?
The sue of electrochemical gradient as a source of energy to transport ions/molecules across a cell membrane
79
What is endocytosis?
process by which the cell membrane eats extracellular material to bring it inside the cell
80
What is phagocytosis?
Endocytosis involving solid particles(cell eating)
81
What is pinocytosis?
Endocytosis involving liquid particles(cell drinking)
82
What is exocytosis?
transport method in which a vacule fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell
83
What is hypotonic?
The solution that loses water
84
What is hypertonic?
The solution that gains water
85
What is isotonic

Biology review (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions