Unit 1 Exam Revision- AOS 1 & 2 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Referential Function
A
Language users sharing information with the audience with an overall message of being factual and objective.
2
Q
Emotive Function
A
The expressive function that allows language users to express their emotions and desires. This is usually how an individual expresses their emotions.
3
Q
Conative Function
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Refers to commanding or requesting when addressing the receiver.
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Q
Phatic Function
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Refers to establishing, maintaining, or discontinuing a conversation.
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Q
Metalinguistic Function
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Focuses on the analysis of the language
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Q
Poetic/ Aesthetic Function
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Focuses on the beauty and artistry of the language itself.
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Q
What does FIRTAC stand for?
A
Functions
Intention
Register
Tenor
Audience
Context (cultural and situational)
8
Q
What are the sub-systems of language?
A
Lexicology, Morphology, Syntax and Discourse+ Pragmatics
9
Q
Shortening
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Involves dropping the ends and sometimes beginning of words to create a shorter form. eg. gym and fridgo.
10
Q
What are contractions?
A
A contraction is a word made by shortening and combining two words. Words like can’t (can not) are contractions.
11
Q
Nouns
A
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, qualities or actions, Eg, pen, love, flock, book, children
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Q
Pronouns
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Pronouns are short words that can replace nouns in a sentence: Eg. i, me, mine, ours
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Q
Adjectives
A
Are qualities, judgements, describing words. E.g sleepy, tired and cute
14
Q
Conjunctions
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A word that is used to connect words, phrase and clauses. Eg. or, but, because, for, if and when
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Q
Propositions
A
Are functions words that show the relationship between nouns and other words in a sentence. Eg. “The dog is under the desk”
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Q
Interjections
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Express a sudden, strong emotion or feeling. EG. Ouch, oh no, sorry.
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Q
Determiners
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Is a word that describes or introduces a noun. Eg. “That book is worth reading”
18
Q
Phonetics
A
Is the study if speech sounds. It concerns how sounds are produced, transmitted and received.
19
Q
Prosodic Features
A
Are phonological properties that relate to the pronunciation of syllables, words and phrases
20
Q
Prosodic Feature: Stress
A
Refers to the degree of strength which is used to pronounce a syllable
21
Q
Prosodic Feature: Pitch
A
Refers to the height of sound in auditory terms, from low to high . When our vocal cords vibrate faster, our vocal pitch is higher; when they slow down our pitch is lower. Eg. pitch can raise when we are excited.
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Q
Prosodic Feature: Intonation
A
Is the pattern of pitch changes in speech. In other words, the patterns made by rising and falling pitch. When we speak , not only is our rhythm evident, so are our pitch changes.
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Q
Prosodic Features: Tempo
A
Concerns the speed at which we speak and can serve a variety of functions. Eg. fast speaking can indicate excitedness or nervousness.
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Q
Prosodic Feature: Volume
A
Volume or loudness can indicate emotion.
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Assimilation
When sound changes to become more like neighboring sounds. Assimilation can be progressive, where the sound is affected by a preceding sound or regressive , where sound is where the following sound is affected.
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Elision
Refers to the omission (deletion) of a sound in a connected speech.
This sound may be a vowel , a consonant or even a whole syllable. Elision can occur due to rapid speech/ease of pronunciation.
Eg. Fish and chips -> fish n chips
Want to -> Wanna
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Vowel Reduction
I similar to elision but, instead of disappearing completely, vowels in unstressed positions are reduced. Such as the word 'to' sounding more like 'te'
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Insertion
Involves the addition of sound where they don't strictly belong. Eg. Humbling -> Humb-e-ling
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Voicing
The vibration of the vocal cords when a constant sound if produced is called voicing. It occurs when air is forced through the narrow opening between the two fold muscles.
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Jargon
Specialized vocabulary
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Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, are used alongside main verbs to form different tenses, moods, or voices. They help to create various grammatical structures.
Examples of Auxiliary Verbs:
Be (am, is, are, was, were)
Have (has, had)
Do (does, did)
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Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb that express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability. They modify the main verb in a sentence to convey different meanings.
Examples of Modal Verbs:
Can
Could
May
Must
Shall
Should
Will
Would
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Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide additional information about how, when, where, or to what extent something happens.
Types of Adverbs:
Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action is performed (e.g., quickly, slowly).
Adverbs of Time: Indicate when an action occurs (e.g., now, later).
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What is tenor?
Refers to "who is taking part in the situation" and the "social relationship between those taking part in terms of status or power, affect or contrast".
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What is the audience?
The audience of a text is the intended set of listeners or readers. Audience shapes the language that we use, whether it be in the written or spoken language mode.
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What is the situational and cultural context?
Situation context refers to everything outside of a text that works to shape the language being used. Cultural context refers to aspects of the context that relate to the cultural in which the author or the audience exists.
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What is the field?
Described as "what's going on in the situation?" It depends on the nature of the activity that's occurring when communicating and is often closely linked to the semantic domain.
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What is the language mode?
Language mode refers to the various ways in which language can be used in different contexts. In English, language modes can be categorized primarily into three types: spoken language, written language, and visual language. Each mode serves different purposes and is characterized by distinct features.
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What is spoken language?
Spoken language is the most natural form of communication and is characterized by:
Immediate feedback: In conversations, speakers can respond to each other in real-time.
Non-verbal cues: Body language, tone, and facial expressions play a significant role in conveying meaning.
Informality: Spoken language often includes slang, colloquialisms, and incomplete sentences.
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What is written language?
Written language is a more formal and structured way of communication, which includes:
Permanent record: Written texts can be stored and referred to later.
Complex structure: It often follows grammatical rules more strictly than spoken language.
Absence of immediate feedback: Readers cannot ask questions or clarify meanings instantly.
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What is the setting?
The setting of a text is where it is placed, for the surrounding in which the text occurs.
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What is the authorial intent?
Is what and author intends to do or achieve with a text.
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What is a root?
A single morpheme that contains the primary meanings of the word.
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What is a stem?
A part of the word that has meaning , but can consist of more that one morpheme.
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What is a free morpheme?
Are indivisible and can stand alone as a word.
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What is a bound morpheme?
Rely on a root or stem to be used in a word.
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What are affixes?
Bound morphemes are referred to as affixes and they have two categories prefixes and suffixes.
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Prefix
Attaches to the start of a root or stem
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Suffix
Attaches to the end of a root or stem.
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What are inflection affixes?
Bound morphemes that attaches grammatical properties to a word, such as tenses (verbs), numbers (nouns) or possessions (pronouns.
These don't affect the fundamental meaning or form of the root word.
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What are derivation affixes?
Creates or derives a new word from the root or stem that it is attached to. It adds to or changes the meaning of an existing word.
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Semantics
Are the meaning associated with words.
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What is denotation and connotation?
Denotation - definition of the word
Connotation- The meaning associated with a word.
Home: A place where someone lives. The connotation is warmth, safety and comfort.
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Semantic field
A lexical set of semantically related items.
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Semantics
Examines the meaning of language.
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Inference
Refers to a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
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Broadening
Lexemes can gain additional meanings over time without losing their original meanings. When this happens as an extension of the original meaning it is called broadening.
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Narrowing
Occurs when a lexeme's meaning becomes more specific , reducing the number of references it denotes.
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Deterioration
Is the process by which word's connotations become more negative over time. Older words like 'stench' and 'smell' which date back to old english have a more negative connotation that the later words 'odor' and 'scent'.
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Elevation
Occurs when a word becomes more positive over time.
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Phrases
Are a group of words which are related to each other phrases don't contain subjects or verbs.
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Independent
Are clauses that are stand alone
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Dependent
Clauses that need to be connected to the independent clause.
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What is a simple sentence?
A subject and a verb that expresses one complete thought.
Eg. I went to the shopping center on the weekend
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What is a compound sentence?
Two independent clauses joined by a conjunctions.
Eg. I went to the shopping center on the weekend as I needed to buy a new TV.
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What is a complex sentence?
One independent clause which is joined to a dependent clause.
Eg. Although he found the task difficult, Brent completed the talk without complaining.
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What is a compound complex sentence?
Two independent clause which is joined by a dependent clause.
Eg. Although it was raining we still went for a hike and we also were able to go for a swim in the lake.
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What is an exclamatory sentence?
Expresses emotion and excitement
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What is an interrogative sentence?
Sentences which are questions
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What is a declarative sentence?
Conveys information
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What is an imperative sentence?
Gives direction and commands to perform.
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What is a noun phrase?
A noun phrase consists of a noun and its modifiers. It can function as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence.
Example: “The quick brown fox” – Here, “The quick brown fox” is the noun phrase.
Structure: Determiner + Adjective(s) + Noun + (Modifier)
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What is a adjectival phrase?
An adjectival phrase is a group of words that describe a noun or pronoun. It can include adjectives and modifiers.
Example: “Full of energy” – This phrase describes a noun.
Structure: Adjective + (Modifier)
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What is a verb phrase?
A verb phrase includes the main verb and any auxiliary (helping) verbs. It expresses the action or state of being.
Example: “has been running” – This phrase shows the action performed by the subject.
Structure: Auxiliary Verb(s) + Main Verb + (Modifier)
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What is a propositional phrase?
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its object, which can be a noun or pronoun, along with any modifiers.
Example: “under the table” – “under” is the preposition, and “the table” is the object.
Structure: Preposition + Noun/Pronoun + (Modifier)
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What is an adverb phrase?
An adverb phrase modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It provides information about how, when, where, or to what extent something happens.
Example: “very quickly” – This phrase modifies how the action is performed.
Structure: Adverb + (Modifier)
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Pre-linguistic stage (0- 6 months)
Coos and Babbling: Infants begin to produce cooing sounds around 2-3 months, followed by babbling (repetitive consonant-vowel combinations) by 6 months.
Non-verbal Communication: Babies use gestures, facial expressions, and body language to communicate their needs and emotions.
Listening Skills: Infants start to recognize the rhythm and melody of their native language.
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Babbling stage (6-12 months)
Repetitive consonant-vowel combinations: Such as “ma-ma” and “da-da”.
Experimentation with sounds: Infants play with pitch and volume.
Social interaction: Babbling often occurs during interactions with caregivers.
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Holophrastic stage (12-18 month)
Single-word utterances: Words like “milk” can mean “I want milk”.
Context-dependent meanings: The meaning of the word often relies on the context in which it is used.
Emerging vocabulary: Vocabulary typically ranges from 50 to 100 words by the end of this stage.
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Two word stage (18- 24 month)
Between 18 to 24 months, children start combining two words to form simple sentences. Key features include:
Telegraphic speech: Phrases like “want cookie” or “go car” that convey essential meaning without grammatical markers.
Word combinations: Children begin to understand the relationships between objects and actions.
Rapid vocabulary growth: Vocabulary can expand to around 200 words by the end of this stage.
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Telegraphic stage (24- 30 months )
From around 24 to 30 months, children’s speech becomes more complex. Characteristics include:
Short, simple sentences: Phrases like “Daddy go” or “More juice”.
Omission of non-essential words: Grammatical markers are often left out, focusing on the core meaning.
Increased understanding of syntax: Children start to grasp basic sentence structures.
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Universal Grammar Theory
Universal Grammar (UG) is a theory in linguistics that suggests that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans and that all human languages share a common structural basis. This theory was primarily developed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s.
Key Concepts of Universal Grammar
Innateness Hypothesis: The idea that children are born with an inherent ability to learn language.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A hypothetical module in the brain that enables children to acquire language naturally.
Parameters and Principles: UG consists of a set of principles that apply to all languages and parameters that can be set differently in different languages.
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The Usage Based Theory
Usage-Based Theory posits that language acquisition is primarily driven by the frequency and context of language use rather than an innate grammatical structure. This theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and cognitive processes in learning language.
Key Concepts of Usage-Based Theory
Frequency Effects: The more often a structure is encountered, the more likely it is to be learned and used.
Construction Grammar: Language is seen as a collection of constructions, or learned pairings of form and meaning.
Social Interaction: Language learning is heavily influenced by communicative contexts and interactions with others.
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Examples of the universal grammar theory
All languages have nouns and verbs.
Children can produce sentences they have never heard before, indicating an innate grammatical structure.
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Examples of the usage based theory
Children learn phrases and constructions from their environment before they understand the underlying grammatical rules.
Language use in context shapes the way individuals understand and produce language.
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The Critical Period Hypothesis
The Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) suggests that there is a window of time during which language acquisition occurs most easily and beyond which it becomes significantly more difficult, if not impossible. This hypothesis is often associated with both Universal Grammar and Usage-Based Theory.
Key Points of the Critical Period Hypothesis
Age Factor: Children are more adept at acquiring language before puberty.
Neurological Changes: Brain plasticity decreases with age, affecting language learning capabilities.
Evidence: Cases of late language exposure often result in incomplete or non-native proficiency.
