Unit 1: Fluid Imbalances

Question 1

Water (Function)

Answer 1

Major body component vital for homeostasis, metabolic reactions, transport, and movement of joints and lungs.

Question 2

Total Body Water (Adult vs Infant)

Answer 2

60% of adult body weight; 70% in infants.

Question 3

Water Loss (Mechanisms)

Answer 3

Renal excretion, stool, insensible loss (skin, lungs).

Question 4

Water Gain (Sources)

Answer 4

Ingestion and oxidative metabolism.

Question 5

Main water movement types

Answer 5

Between ICF and ECF; Between plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 6

Diffusion vs Osmosis

Answer 6

Diffusion: movement of particles; Osmosis: movement of water based on osmolality.

Question 7

Osmolality

Answer 7

Concentration of particles in fluid; determines water movement.

Question 8

Tonicity

Answer 8

Relation between cell cytoplasm osmolality and ECF. Affected by sodium levels.

Question 9

Isotonic Solution Examples

Answer 9

Ringer’s Lactate (RL), D5W, 0.9% NaCl — used to replace fluid volume.

Question 10

Hypotonic Solution Example

Answer 10

0.45% NaCl — used when sodium is high.

Question 11

Hypertonic Solution Example

Answer 11

3% NaCl — used to treat severe hyponatremia, brain swelling.

Question 12

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 12

Pushes fluid from capillaries to interstitial space.

Question 13

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

Answer 13

Pulls water back into capillaries from interstitial space.

Question 14

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 14

Pushes water into capillaries from interstitial space.

Question 15

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

Answer 15

Pulls water into interstitial space from capillaries.

Question 16

Starling Forces

Answer 16

Combined pressures regulating fluid movement between plasma and interstitial spaces.

Question 17

First Spacing, normal? y/n?

Answer 17

Normal fluid distribution.

Question 18

Second Spacing leads to?

Answer 18

Edema — fluid shifts to interstitial space.

Question 19

Third Spacing causes?

Answer 19

Fluid trapped in a space difficult to return to circulation (e.g., ascites) (abdo buildup- think bloated)

Question 20

Edema Mechanisms

Answer 20

Increased permeability, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction.

Question 21

Edema Signs

Answer 21

Pitting, weight gain, impaired function, pain, arterial flow issues.

Question 22

Water Regulation Systems

Answer 22

Hypothalamic/thirst, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone, Natriuretic peptides, ADH.

Question 23

Causes of Dehydration

Answer 23

Inadequate intake, vomiting, diarrhea, low ADH, polyuria, third spacing, Addison’s.

Question 24

Dehydration Signs

Answer 24

Weight loss, dry mucosa, sunken eyes/fontanels, hypotension, oliguria, increased thirst.

Question 25

Dehydration Treatment

Answer 25

Increase PO/IV fluids, control losses (stop diuretics, treat diarrhea, etc.).

Question 26

Causes of Overhydration

Answer 26

Excess intake (oral/IV), kidney failure, excess ADH/aldosterone (SIADH, Cushing’s).

Question 27

Overhydration Signs

Answer 27

Weight gain, edema, bounding pulse, hypertension, venous distension, pulmonary edema.

Question 28

Overhydration Treatment

Answer 28

Fluid restriction, use of diuretics.

Question 29

Fluid volume deficit (dehydration)

Answer 29

A patient presents with dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, and low urine output. What fluid imbalance is this likely to indicate?

Question 30

Fluid volume excess (overhydration)

Answer 30

A patient shows signs of edema, weight gain, and crackles in lungs. What fluid imbalance might this suggest?

Question 31

Suppression of ADH by alcohol, leading to dehydration

Answer 31

A patient who has been drinking heavily complains of increased urination. What hormonal effect may be responsible?

Question 32

Low albumin reduces capillary oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to leak into the interstitial space

Answer 32

How does low serum albumin lead to edema?

Question 33

A patient with severe hyponatremia is being treated. What IV solution is most appropriate?

Answer 33

Hypertonic solution such as 3% NaCl

Question 34

A patient has ascites with no visible edema. What type of spacing is this?

Answer 34

Third spacing – fluid trapped in non-functional space

Question 35

What happens when hypotonic IV fluid is administered to a patient?

Answer 35

Water enters cells due to lower osmolality in ECF, risking cell swelling

Question 36

What condition can result from inadequate ADH secretion?

Answer 36

Dehydration due to excessive water loss through urine

Question 37

A patient with fluid overload has dyspnea and crackles on auscultation. What complication is likely?

Answer 37

Pulmonary edema

Question 38

What hormone system helps regulate fluid volume by controlling sodium retention?

Answer 38

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 39

Water (Function)

Answer 39

Major body component vital for homeostasis, metabolic reactions, transport, and movement of joints and lungs.

Question 40

Total Body Water (Adult vs Infant)

Answer 40

60% of adult body weight; 70% in infants.

Question 41

Water Loss (Mechanisms)

Answer 41

Renal excretion, stool, insensible loss (skin, lungs).

Question 42

Water Gain (Sources)

Answer 42

Ingestion and oxidative metabolism.

Question 43

Main water movement types

Answer 43

Between ICF and ECF; Between plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 44

Diffusion vs Osmosis

Answer 44

Diffusion: movement of particles; Osmosis: movement of water based on osmolality.

Question 45

Osmolality

Answer 45

Concentration of particles in fluid; determines water movement.

Question 46

Tonicity

Answer 46

Relation between cell cytoplasm osmolality and ECF. Affected by sodium levels.

Question 47

Isotonic Solution Examples

Answer 47

Ringer's Lactate (RL), D5W, 0.9% NaCl — used to replace fluid volume.

Question 48

Hypotonic Solution Example

Answer 48

0.45% NaCl — used when sodium is high.

Question 49

Hypertonic Solution Example

Answer 49

3% NaCl — used to treat severe hyponatremia, brain swelling.

Question 50

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 50

Pushes fluid from capillaries to interstitial space.

Question 51

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

Answer 51

Pulls water back into capillaries from interstitial space.

Question 52

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 52

Pushes water into capillaries from interstitial space.

Question 53

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

Answer 53

Pulls water into interstitial space from capillaries.

Question 54

Starling Forces

Answer 54

Combined pressures regulating fluid movement between plasma and interstitial spaces.

Question 55

First Spacing is ?

Answer 55

Normal fluid distribution.

Question 56

Second Spacing leads to?

Answer 56

Edema — fluid shifts to interstitial space.

Question 57

Third Spacing is?

Answer 57

Fluid trapped in a space difficult to return to circulation (e.g., ascites).

Question 58

Edema Mechanisms

Answer 58

Increased permeability, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction.

Question 59

Edema Signs

Answer 59

Pitting, weight gain, impaired function, pain, arterial flow issues.

Question 60

Water Regulation Systems

Answer 60

Hypothalamic/thirst, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone, Natriuretic peptides, ADH.

Question 61

Causes of Dehydration

Answer 61

Inadequate intake, vomiting, diarrhea, low ADH, polyuria, third spacing, Addison’s.

Question 62

Dehydration Signs

Answer 62

Weight loss, dry mucosa, sunken eyes/fontanels, hypotension, oliguria, increased thirst.

Question 63

Dehydration Treatment

Answer 63

Increase PO/IV fluids, control losses (stop diuretics, treat diarrhea, etc.).

Question 64

Causes of Overhydration

Answer 64

Excess intake (oral/IV), kidney failure, excess ADH/aldosterone (SIADH, Cushing’s).

Question 65

Overhydration Signs

Answer 65

Weight gain, edema, bounding pulse, hypertension, venous distension, pulmonary edema.

Question 66

Overhydration Treatment

Answer 66

Fluid restriction, use of diuretics.