UNIT 1 - Geology

Question 1

Geo means?

Answer 1

Earth

Question 2

Logos

Answer 2

Discourse or study

Question 3

Theory of Uniformitarianism

Answer 3

The present is the key to the past

Question 4

Formulated by James Hutton

Answer 4

Theory of Uniformitarianism

Question 5

Main Branches of Geology

Answer 5

Physical, Historical

Question 6

Deals with materials that make up the Earth, its structure, surface features, and processes that have given the Earth its present structure and appearance

Answer 6

Physical Geology

Question 7

Deals with history of the earth, its changing face and structure, and changing forms of living things whose remains are found as fossils in rocks

Answer 7

Historical geology

Question 8

study of the formation and extraction of earth materials that have some economic potential in society

Answer 8

Economic geology

Question 9

Earth is?

Answer 9

3rd planet in solar system, only planet that can support life, length of year is 365.2422 years, oblate spheroid or geoid and about 4.5-4.6 billion years old

Question 10

Greatest ocean depth over 11,000

Answer 10

marianas trench

Question 11

greatest height of land (8,848 m)

Answer 11

mt everest

Question 12

tallest mountain if measured from the base

Answer 12

mauna kea

Question 13

how do we determine the age of materials on the planet?

Answer 13

relative dating and absolute dating

Question 14

based on the natural radioactive decay of elements found on earth, a process whereby atoms of an element lose particles from their nuclei and become atoms of other elements

Answer 14

radiometric dating

Question 15

number of years it takes for half of the original atoms of a material to decay

Answer 15

half life

Question 16

what are the principles of relative dating?

Answer 16

Law of superposition
Original horizontality
Crosscutting relationships
Inclusion
Faunal sucession

Question 17

in a series of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the topmost layer is always the youngest and the lowermost layer is always the oldest

Answer 17

law of superposition

Question 18

sediments are deposited in approximately horizontal, flat lying layer. therefore, a dipping or folded rock must have been displaced or deformed after deposition and solidification

Answer 18

principle of horizontality

Question 19

if an igneous rock cut across layers of sedimentary rock, the secondary rock must have been there first, the igneous rock introduced after

Answer 19

principle of cross cutting relationships

Question 20

when a fault cuts through another rock, the faults or intrursion is younger that the rocks with it cuts

Answer 20

principle of crosscutting relationships

Question 21

if an igneous rock contains pieces of other rock types, those pieces must have been picked up as solid chunks by the invading magma and are older than the igneous rock

Answer 21

principle of inclusion

Question 22

implies that when one finds exactly the same type of fossil preserved in two rocks, there are of the same age even if the rock are different

Answer 22

law of faunal sucession

Question 23

what are the theories on earth or solar system formation

Answer 23

close encounter hypothesis
cataclysmic event theory
random capture theory
solar nebular theory

Question 24

also known as collision theory that is proposed by george lucas leclerc buffon

Answer 24

close encounter hypothesis

Question 25

also known as collision theory

Answer 25

close encounter hypothesis

Question 26

the gravity of the passing star tears a succession of bolts from the solar surface

Answer 26

close encounter hypothesis

Question 27

the sun was once component of a binary star (double star) system A visiting star or some other phenomenon led to the break-up of the suns companion debris formed from the planets

Answer 27

Cataclysmic event theory

Question 28

hannes alfven and gustaf arrhenius suggested a normal sun which instead of breaking up, captured inerterstellar materials from which the planets and other objects in the solar system were formed

Answer 28

random capture theory

Question 29

postulated that the sun and planets originated from interstellar dusts and gas called "nebulae" condensation of the gas as it rotates led to the formation of the planets and their stabilization

Answer 29

solar nebular theory

Question 30

major division of the earth

Answer 30

lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere

Question 31

solid zone of the earth, made up rocks and soil, includes both the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, thinnest part is found underneath the ocean (~50 km) thicker in continents (100+km)

Answer 31

lithosphere

Question 32

cover 70% of the earths surface, 97% is comprised of seas and oceans, only 1% are freshwater (rivers and lakes) 2% snow and glaciers

Answer 32

hydrosphere

Question 33

layer of air covering the earths surface

Answer 33

atmosphere

Question 34

8 to 14.5 km, air temperature decreases as height increases

Answer 34

troposphere

Question 35

14.5 to 50 km temperature is fairly constant

Answer 35

stratosphere

Question 36

85 to600 km, temperature increases with height

Answer 36

thermosphere

Question 36

50 to 85 km temperature decreases with height

Answer 36

mesosphere

Question 37

600 to 10,000 km temperature is high, region where earths atmosphere merges with interplanetary gases

Answer 37

Exosphere

Question 38

Atmospheric zone base on electrical properties

Answer 38

magnetosphere

Question 39

this zone, the behavior or ions anatomic particles is contolled almost enirely by the earths magnetic field

Answer 39

magnetosphere

Question 40

thin outermost layer of the earth

Answer 40

crust

Question 41

20 to 2,900 km thick, quite hot, temperature range from 879 c

Answer 41

mantle

Question 42

400 km deep with traces of diamond and olivine, partially molten or soft resulting to the slower travel of seismic waves

Answer 42

upper mantle

Question 43

400 to 2900 km thick dense highly elastic allowing faster movement of seismic waves

Answer 43

lower mantles

Question 44

central portion of the earth (radius of -3,500 km)

Answer 44

core

Question 45

transition zone between crust and mantle

Answer 45

moho layer

Question 46

Type of seismic waves

Answer 46

P waves, S waves, L waves

Question 47

Shake or secondary Moves particles in its path at right angles to the direction of advance, can only travel through solid

Answer 47

S waves

Question 48

push-pull or primary Moves particles along its path back and forth Travel at a soeed of 6.11 km the fastest, can travel to any material

Answer 48

P waves

Question 49

surface (rayleigh waves or love waves) Moves particles in its path in a motion forward,. up and back down travel at a speed of 3.5 km sec can travel along the surface of any material

Answer 49

L waves

Question 50

vibration of earth produce by the rapid release of energy from rocks takes the form of waves, radiates in all direction can be generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions

Answer 50

earthquake