UNIT 1: HOW DO CELLS FUNCTION

Question 1

Abiotic

Answer 1

Abiotic are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphere.

Question 1

Biotic

Answer 1

Relating to or resulting from living organisms.

Question 2

Mitochondria

Answer 2

Powerhouse of the cell, and generates most of the chemical energy

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed into RNA into amino acids

Question 4

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 4

In which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations; lysosomes, cell membrane, or to be secreted

Question 5

Cell Membrane

Answer 5

The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

Responsible for holding the components of the cell and protect them from damage

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

Produces energy through photosynthesis and oxygen releases processes

Question 8

Vacuole

Answer 8

Generally small and helps secrete waste products

Question 9

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

Produce proteins for the rest of the cells to function

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

Stores the genetic information of the cell, and acts as the cell’s control centre

Question 11

Vesicle

Answer 11

Helps transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle waste materials

Question 12

Lysosomes

Answer 12

Digestive system of the cell

Question 13

Meiosis (sexual reproduction)

Answer 13

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. The purpose of meiosis is to create gametes for sexual production with half the genetic material of the parent cells.

Question 14

Mitosis: PMAT (asexual reproduction)

Answer 14

A cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parents. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.

Question 15

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Answer 15

The eukaryotic cell cycle occurs in three stages.

1. Interphase: Cellular growth and duplication of chromosomes.
2. Mitosis: Separation of sister chromatids and the formation of new nuclei.
3. Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

Chromosomes condense (short and thick) and become visible, centrioles (synthesised in interphase) moves to opposite ends of the pole.

1. Spindle fibres begin to form
2. Nuclear membrane begin to break

Question 17

Prometaphase

Answer 17

1. Nuclear membrane is gone
2. Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes and relax/contract to move chromosomes

Question 18

Metaphase

Answer 18

M checkpoint ensures the chromosomes are arranged correctly

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

The spindle fibres contrast pulling the chromatids to the pores of the cell

Question 20

Cytokinesis

Answer 20

The outcome of mitosis is two genetically identical daughter cells

Question 21

Apoptosis

Answer 21

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, it is highly controlled process that ensures cell waste is carefully managed.
- Protection: Cancerous cells or virtually infected cells
- Development (our human shape): Organ shaping and neuron pruning/decluttering for our brain
- Balance (in our body)
- Maintenance of homeostasis: Cells that need to go are removed

Question 22

Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA:V)

Answer 22

It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume.
1. We want the highest surface area to volume ratio
2. Cells are small so they don’t die

Question 23

Passive Transport

Answer 23

Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy, instead it relies on heart, work, temperature and energy to move substances across the cell membrane
- Doesn’t require energy
- Requires heat, work, temperature and energy to move through the plasma membrane

Question 24

Simple Diffusion

Answer 24

Small polar molecules and soluble molecules move across phospholipids to enter or exit the cell. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration. - Moves small polar molecules and soluble molecules across

Question 25

Osmosis

Answer 25

The passive transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from a low solute concentration to high, requires no energy. - Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane - Low solute concentration to high solute concentration - No energy, no protein channel

Question 26

Facilitied Diffusion

Answer 26

The movement of small molecules (like water) through a protein channel, moves from high concentration to low, moves down the concentration gradient - Movement of large polar molecules - Dedicated protein channel - High to low - Moves down the concentration gradient

Question 27

Active Transport

Answer 27

The transport of substances that use ATP energy to get through the plasma, it moves large molecules like glucose - Molecules are moved against their concentration gradient via carrier protein - Uses ATP (Adenine Triphosphate)

Question 28

Protein Pump

Answer 28

Protein pumps are transmembrane proteins (firmly inserted in the bilayer) that actively moves ions against the gradient of concentration across membranes. - They use power from ATP to move ions up

Question 29

Bulk Transport

Answer 29

Is not taking ATP directly, it takes energy from adding or removing molecules - Active transport for big things or large volumes of stuff eg. protein

Question 30

Endocytosis

Answer 30

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular materials through an inward folding of its plasma membrane

Question 31

Exocytosis

Answer 31

(opposite of endocytosis): Release of substances out a cell by a vesicle - Exiting the cell through bulk transport

Question 32

Cell division

Answer 32

The division of a cell resulting in two daughter cells with the same genetic material. Cell division happens on two broad mechanisms: - Prokaryotes undergo binary fission (cell replication) - Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis or meiosis.