Unit 1 Important Vocab Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
sharing a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
A
Covalent bond
2
Q
differences in atomic electronegativities
A
polarity
3
Q
2 of the same molecules forming hydrogen bonds
A
cohesion
4
Q
2 different molecules form hydrogen bonds
A
adhesion
5
Q
anything that takes up space and has mass; also made up of elements
A
matter
6
Q
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
A
element
7
Q
a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio; has emergent properties - characteristics different from those of its elements
A
compound
8
Q
needed by an organism to live
a healthy life and reproduce
A
essential elements
9
Q
only required in minute quantities
A
Trace elements
10
Q
smallest unit of matter that still
retains the properties of an element
A
atom
11
Q
3 main subatomic particles
A
protons, neutrons, electrons
12
Q
what forms atomic nucleus
A
protons and neutrons
13
Q
what “floats” or is a ring around the atomic nucleus
A
electrons
14
Q
what is neutron mass and proton mass measured in
A
daltons
15
Q
number of protons in its nucleus
A
atomic number
16
Q
sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
A
mass number
17
Q
Atomic mass
A
can be approximated by the mass number
18
Q
two atomic forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
A
Isotopes
19
Q
capacity to cause change
A
energy
20
Q
energy that matter has because of its location or structure
A
potential energy
21
Q
outermost shell
A
valence shell
22
Q
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
A
molecule
23
Q
H–H
A
structural formula
24
Q
H_2
A
molecular formula
25
an atom’s attraction for the electrons of a covalent bond
electronegativity
26
atoms share the electrons equally
nonpolar covalent bond
27
one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally
polar covalent bond
28
Both atoms have complete valence shells, transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges
ions
29
positively charged ion
cation
30
negatively charged ion
anion
31
an attraction between an anion and a cation
ionic bond
32
weak chemical bonds
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals interactions
33
hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
hydrogen bond
34
regions of positive or negative charge enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another
van der waals interactions
35
making and breaking of chemical bonds
chemical reactions
36
starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called
reactants
37
final molecules of a chemical reaction are called
products
38
the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal
chemical equilibrium
39
water molecules staying close together
cohesion
40
clinging of one substance to another
adhesion
41
measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
surface tension
42
energy of motion
kinetic energy
43
measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
thermal energy
44
represents the average kinetic energy of molecules
temperature
45
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
heat
46
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
calorie
47
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C
specific heat
48
Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break,
Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
water's high specific heat
49
liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
solution
50
dissolving agent of a solution
solvent
51
substance that is dissolved
solute
52
water is the solvent
aqueous solution
53
an affinity for water
hydrophilic
54
no affinity for water
hydrophobic
55
sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule
Molecular mass
56
number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity
57
increase the H+ concentration in water
acids
58
reduce concentration of H+ in water
bases
59
substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-
buffers
60
human buffer
carbonic acid
61
a compound containing carbon
organic compound
62
3 macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
63
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
64
compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties
isomer
65
differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
structural isomers
66
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but the atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds
cis-trans isomers
67
isomers that are mirror images of one another and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon
Enantiomers
68
the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
Functional groups
69
seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life
Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, Carboxyl group, Amino group, Sulfhydryl group, Phosphate group, Methyl group
70
alcohol
hydroxyl group
71
ketone, aldehyde
carbonyl group
72
carboxylic acid, or organic acid
carboxyl group
73
amine
amino group
74
thiol
sulfhydryl group
75
organic phosphate
phosphate group
76
methylated compound
methyl group
77
organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
78
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
polymer
79
small building-block molecules
monomer
80
two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
dehydration reaction
81
Polymers disassembled to monomers, two monomers break through the gaining of a water molecule
hydrolysis
82
speed up chemical reactions
enzymes
83
include sugars and the polymers of sugars
carbohydrates
84
simplest carbohydrate
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
85
most common monosaccharide
glucose
86
dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
disaccharide (glycosidic linkage)
87
polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
polysaccharides
88
a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
starch
89
storage polysaccharide in animals
glycogen
90
major component of the tough wall of plant cells
cellulose
91
found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
chitin
92
do not form true polymers
lipids
93
unifying feature of lipids
having little or no affinity for water
94
why lipids are hydrophobic
they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
95
most biologically important lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
96
glycerol and fatty acids make what
fats
97
three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
glycerol
98
a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
fatty acid
99
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
saturated fatty acids
100
have one or more double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
101
major function of fats
energy storage
102
two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
phospholipids
103
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
steroids
104
a component in animal cell membranes
cholesterol
105
defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support
protein functions
106
act as catalysts, to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
enzymatic proteins
107
unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
polypeptides
108
biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
protein
109
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
amino acids
110
side chains
R groups
111
unique sequence of amino acids
primary structure
112
consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
secondary structure
113
determined by interactions among various side chains
tertiary structure
114
results from interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
quaternary structure
115
loss of a protein’s native structure
denaturation - biologically inactive
116
a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
DNA (gene)
117
two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
118
consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
nucleotide
119
portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group
nucleoside
120
only found in DNA
Thymine
121
only found in RNA
Uracil
122
sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
123
sugar in RNA
ribose
124
pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA
A-T G-C (complementary base pairing)
125
pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA
A-U G-C
126
the approach used to analyze large sets of genes or compare the genomes of different species
genomics
127
analysis of proteins
proteomics
