Unit 1: Intro to physiology

Question 1

4 types of tissues

Answer 1

epithelial, connective, muscle, & neural

Question 2

which tissue type has the most extensive ECM

Answer 2

connective

Question 3

components of connective tissue ECM

Answer 3

proteoglycans, collagen, fibronectin, and elastin

Question 4

What are the 5 types of connective tissue

Answer 4

Loose, dense, adipose, blood, supporting

Question 5

What does adipose tissue contain

Answer 5

adipocytes

Question 6

What does the blood tissue lack compared to other types

Answer 6

lacking insoluble protein fibers

Question 7

What are examples of supporting tissues

Answer 7

cartilage and bone

Question 8

What type of tissue binds and supports the rest of the tissue types in the body

Answer 8

connective tissues

Question 9

What’s another term for adipose tissue

Answer 9

fat tissue

Question 10

What is the ECM of blood mainly composed of

Answer 10

water (very watery, loose in consistency)

Question 11

What type of connective tissue has the most extensive ECM

Answer 11

supporting (the other side of the consistency spectrum compared to blood which is mainly water)

Question 12

What do all three types of muscle tissue have in common

Answer 12

contraction

Question 13

What are the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 13

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 14

Why is cardiac muscle important for life

Answer 14

moves blood around the body and maintains function of the cardiovascular system

Question 15

Why is skeletal muscle important for life

Answer 15

moves joints and body parts voluntarily to allow proper body function

Question 16

Why is smooth muscle important for life

Answer 16

moves substances in/out of the body involuntarily (ie. food & nutrients in the digestive system)

Question 17

Is there a lot of ECM in neural tissues

Answer 17

no, very little

Question 18

What are the two types of cell in neural tissue

Answer 18

neurons and glial cells

Question 19

What is a neuron

Answer 19

carries information and signals via electrical impulses to target cells for bodily function

Question 20

What are glial cells

Answer 20

supportive cells that assist neurons in signal relaying

Question 21

What are the 10 major systems in the body

Answer 21

nervous, circulatory, reproductive, immune, urinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, & integumentary

Question 22

What does the term function mean from a physiological standpoint

Answer 22

the function of the system is the “why” factor

Question 23

What does the term mechanism mean from a physiological standpoint

Answer 23

the mechanism is the “how” factor

Question 24

What is the relationship between function and mechanism

Answer 24

physiologists study the mechanism to determine the function of a system

Question 25

What is the key concept in physiology

Answer 25

homeostasis

Question 26

How is homeostasis achieved

Answer 26

the interrelating functions of each system of the body to maintain internal stability

Question 27

Result of homeostatic activity is the result of ________ around a set point

Answer 27

oscillation

Question 28

What is acclimatization

Answer 28

environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change

Question 29

How can interruption of homeostasis be negative

Answer 29

can cause disease or illness

Question 30

What is an example of change in set point that alters the oscillation point around a set point

Answer 30

moderate changes in body temp throughout the day - not one set temp

Question 31

What are the 4 basic mechanisms of cell-cell communication

Answer 31

gap junctions, contact-dependant, local, and long range

Question 32

Which cell communication type is the direct type of communication

Answer 32

gap-junctions

Question 33

Where are contact-dependant cells found

Answer 33

found in immune cells

Question 34

How does local signalling work

Answer 34

via paracrine and autocrine signals

Question 35

What is an example of a local signalling molecule

Answer 35

histamine

Question 36

What are autocrines

Answer 36

Chemicals that act on the cell that produces them (review DSM question)

Question 37

What is histamine

Answer 37

an example of a paracrine signal molecule - vasodilator

Question 38

How does local signalling work

Answer 38

chemicals (paracrine signals) secreted by cells act on direct neighbouring cells

Question 39

Where is long-distance communication used in the body

Answer 39

nervous and endocrine systems

Question 40

What are examples of chemical/electrical signals used by the nervous system in long distance signalling

Answer 40

neurotransmitters and neurohormones

Question 41

What are examples of chemical signals used by the endocrine system in long-distance communication

Answer 41

hormones

Question 42

How are signals specific to the target and not responsive to all cells

Answer 42

target cells have specific receptors that bind to the signalling molecules and relay the signal internally

Question 43

What is physical makeup of target cell receptors

Answer 43

trans-membrane protein or glycoprotein

Question 44

What are the three domains of a target cell receptor

Answer 44

extracellular, intracellular, and trans-membrane (review DSM question and image)

Question 45

Which determines the signal produced; the signal and/or the receptor

Answer 45

both

Question 46

What is local control in relation to homeostasis

Answer 46

the effects exerted onto neighbouring cells

Question 47

What is reflex control in relation to homeostasis

Answer 47

reaction in one or more organs, or even organ systems, by a signal from elsewhere in the body

Question 48

What is stability a result of

Answer 48

balance between input and output

Question 49

How does negative feedback looping work

Answer 49

a variable that has previously strayed from origin via a signal is returned to its original place via the opposition or removal of said signal

Question 50

How does positive feedback looping work

Answer 50

a variable is moved further and further from origin via a signal reinforcing the stimulus until external signalling turns the response off

Question 51

What is an example of a negative feedback loop

Answer 51

blood pressure

Question 52

What is an example of a positive feedback loop

Answer 52

labour

Question 53

How is homeostasis impacted by positive vs negative feedback loops

Answer 53

negative - oscillation occurs positive - system is temporarily sent out of control

Question 54

What is feedforward control

Answer 54

anticipatory control (like smell, sight, & thought of food) that predicts a change is about to occur & kickstarts the response loop to prevent the change

Question 55

What does the term agonist mean

Answer 55

molecule that mimics the primary ligand and causes the same response in the target cell

Question 56

What are the two types of signal molecules that cause response in the cell via a receptor

Answer 56

primary ligand and agonists - different molecules with the same function (primary ligand is the actual signal molecule, agonist is a separate molecule that happens to have the same affect)

Question 57

What is circadian rhythm

Answer 57

the 24 hour internal cycle/pattern that allows the sleep-wake cycle to occur daily

Question 58

Using the example of touching a hot pan, what is the signal response

Answer 58

stimulus - hot pan touches nerve endings sensor - nerve endings pick up the signal (afferent) and move it to the integrating centre integrating center - figures out what to do with info received and sends a signal out (efferent) target - in this case, skeletal muscle cells (to move the hand away by contracting muscles) response - hand is moved away from the hot pan

Question 59

What is the basic sequence of negative feedback loops

Answer 59

stimulus to response - with the removal of the stimulus there is no longer a response

Question 60

What is the basic sequence of positive feedback loops

Answer 60

initial stimulus to response - response increases stimulus which reinforces response, in a continuous loop

Question 61

Which type of feedback loop is NOT homeostatic

Answer 61

positive feedback loop