Unit 1 Intro to Research & Stats

Question 1

the 3 elements of ‘THE RESEARCH TRINITY’

Answer 1

• DESIGN
  -MEASURMENT
  -ANALYSIS

Question 2

research trinity: DESIGN

Answer 2

establishes the ‘integrity’ of the research [truthfulness]

Question 3

research trinity: MEASURMENT

Answer 3

determining ‘constructs’ - operational definitions

Question 4

research trinity: ANALYSIS

Answer 4

evaluate hypotheses

Question 5

(3) examples of ‘Anecdotal’ evidence

Answer 5

1- Anecdote: tendency to over-value personal experiences / stories

2- Law of small numbers: extreme outcomes are more likely with small number of cases (alcohol)

3- Outlier: a case that is distinct from majority of cases (1/1000)

Question 6

PRO and Con with: TRADITION

Answer 6

pro: each generation advances in knowledge

con: not always based on current evidence / or no evidence at all

Question 7

PRO and Con with: AUTHORITY

Answer 7

pro: specialists have more detailed knowledge

con: not always possible to refer + they MUST be well-informed

Question 8

PRO and Con with:
Trial & Error

Answer 8

pro: constantly altering practice for something new (modern)

con: hard to find (cause-and-effect) + results cant be replicated

Question 9

what is the difference between Deductive & Inductive Reasoning

Answer 9

Deductive - general observation

Inductive- specific observation

Question 10

what are the (3) elements of the scientific method

Answer 10

1- Empirical Approach
(documenting objective data through direct observation)

2- Control
(attempting to control factors that may interfere with study)

3- Method
(gather questions from theory… collect… analyze… interpret)

Question 11

QUANITITIVE

Answer 11

Measurement of outcomes using numerical data
(Applying statistical procedures)

Question 12

QUALITIVE

Answer 12

gathering conclusions from open-ended questionnaires, surveys, interviews and observations

Question 13

basic research

Answer 13

when our questioning focuses on expanding knowledge on a topic

Question 14

applied research

Answer 14

has a more immediate goal of solving a practical problem (real world)

Question 15

Translational Research

Answer 15

Using basic scientific discoveries to address real-world clinical problems, while also creating new scientific questions from those clinical challenges

Question 16

the (3) cetagories of CONTINUUM research

Answer 16

1- Descriptive
2- Exploratory
3- Experimental

Question 17

Descriptive research

Answer 17

describing a group of individuals on a set of variables to document their characteristics
(ex- personality traits among first-year students)

Question 18

Exploratory Research

Answer 18

Examining the interaction of various factors on peoples behaviour/ characteristics

Question 19

Exploratory Research: Cohort study

Answer 19

following a group of people over time (TIME)

Question 20

Exploratory Research: Case-control study

Answer 20

Choosing groups of people based on whether they have the condition being studied (CONTROL)

Question 21

Likert scale

Answer 21

(strongly agree- strongly disagree) ORDINAL

Question 22

Exploratory Research: Correlational-predictive research

Answer 22

Examining relationships between variables

Question 23

Exploratory Research: Epidemiology

Answer 23

relationship between lifestyles and risk of obtaining certain condition’s

Question 24

simple correlation

Answer 24

relationship between 2 variables

Question 25

multiple regression

Answer 25

predicting an outcome for 2 or more variables

Question 26

CORRELATIONAL STUDY: criterion variable

Answer 26

dependent variable (outcome)

Question 27

CORRELATIONAL STUDY: predictor variable

Answer 27

independent variable - explanatory

Question 28

reliability is designed to...

Answer 28

compare groups to establish a cause-and-effect relationship

Question 29

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Answer 29

Controlling factors that could effect the results of a research study (BIAS)

Question 30

Examples of RCT

Answer 30

-Uses control groups - placebos - random assignment - blinding