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ECEN375 > unit 1 introduction > Flashcards

unit 1 introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is architecture?

A

the design of the system visible to the assembly-level programmer. ( what instructions, how many registers, memory addressing scheme)

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2
Q

What is organization?

A

how the architecture is implemented.

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3
Q

what does the Central Processing Unit(CPU) contain?

A

The control logic and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), registers, and program counter register

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4
Q

what does the control logic do?

A

it initiates most activities on the computer

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5
Q

What does the Arithmetic Logic Units(ALU) do?

A

performs the math and logic calculations for the CPU.

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6
Q

what does a register contain?

A

temporary data values

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7
Q

what does the program counter register contain?

A

the address of the next instruction to execute

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8
Q

what is the bus?

A

a set of parallel wires that connect the CPU, memory, and I/O controllers

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9
Q

what does a bus’s chipset do?

A

it determines who can use the bus at any given instant

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10
Q

what does the width of the bus determine?

A

the maximum memory configuration

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11
Q

What does I/O stand for?

A

input/output

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12
Q

what does the I/O controller do?

A

direct the flow of data to and from I/O devices.

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13
Q

how does the I/O controller know to initiate I/O?

A

The CPU sends a request

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14
Q

What is the internal memory called?

A

Random Access Memory (RAM)

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15
Q

What is kept in the RAM?

A

data and program instructions

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16
Q

what is the order of the memory hierarchy from bottom to top?

A

removable media, DISK, RAM, cache, regs

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17
Q

what does the instruction cycle do?

A

fetch instructions from memory and execute the instruction

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18
Q

where does the the instruction cycle fetch instructions?

A

from the memory address in the Program Counter register

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19
Q

what does the instruction cycle increment?

A

the Program counter

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20
Q

what does the instruction cycle decode?

A

the type of instruction

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21
Q

the instruction cycle fetches ___ and stores___

A

operands, results

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22
Q

in the simple model of execution, an instruction sequence is determined by?

A

a simple conceptual control point

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23
Q

in the simple model of execution, how are instructions completed?

A

One instruction is executed at a time. Each instruction is completed before the next instruction starts

24
Q

what are the layers in which you can consider computer operations?

A

Applications, middleware, High level languages, machine language, microcode, logic circuits, gates, transistors, silicon structures

25
Q

what are the different meanings of the binary values?

A

1 can be TRUE or HIGH and ) can be FALSE or LOW

26
Q

how do digital circuits represent 1 and 0?

A

they use voltage levels

27
Q

what system operates on a fixed number of bits?

A

Digital systems

28
Q

what is overflow?

A

when a result is too big to fit in the available number of bits

29
Q

what are instructions?

A

commands in a computer’s language

30
Q

instruction languages are?

A

Assembly languages: human-readable format
machine language: computer-readable format(1’s and 0’s)

31
Q

Architecture design principles

A

1) regularity supports design simplicity
2) make the common case fast
3) smaller is faster
4) good design demands good compromises

32
Q

what does regularity supports design simplicity mean?

A

consistent instruction format
the same number of operands should be used
there should be ease when encoding and handling hardware

33
Q

what is hierarchy?

A

dividing a system into modules, then further subdividing each of these modules until the pieces are easy to understand.

34
Q

modularity states?

A

the modules have well-defined functions and interfaces, so they connect together easily without unanticipated side effects.

35
Q

Regularity seeks?

A

uniformity among modules. Common modules are reused many times, reducing the number of distinct modules needing to be designed

36
Q

Regularity teaches?

A

that interchangeable parts are a good idea

37
Q

what does the amount of information D represent?

A

refers to a discrete-valued variable with N distinct states. Measured in units of bits

38
Q

what does an N-digit decimal number represent?

A

one of 10^N possibilities: 0,1,2,3,…,10^N -1

39
Q

what are Bits represented by?

A

0 or 1

40
Q

what are binary numbers?

A

0’s or 1’s joined together

41
Q

how much weight does each binary column have?

A

twice the amount of the previous column

42
Q

what is base 16?

A

hexadecimal

43
Q

what are hexadecimal numbers?

A

0 to 9 along with letters A to F

44
Q

what are the weights of the columns in base 16?

A

1,16,16^2(256), 16^3(4096)

45
Q

how do you convert hexadecimal to binary?

A

each hexadecimal digit directly corresponds to four binary digits

46
Q

what is the hex digit A equal to?

A

10, 1010

47
Q

what is the hex digit B equal to?

A

11, 1011

48
Q

what is the hex digit C equal to?

A

12, 1100

49
Q

what is the hex digit D equal to?

A

13, 1101

50
Q

what is the hex digit E equal to?

A

14, 1110

51
Q

what is the hex digit F equal to?

A

15, 1111

52
Q

how do you convert 2ED Hex to decimal

A

2 x16^2 + Ex16^1 + D x 16^0 = 749(10)

53
Q

what is a group of eight bits called?

A

a byte, which represents one of 2^8 possibilities

54
Q

what is a group of 4 bits called?

A

a nibble or half a byte. represented by one of 2^4 possibilities

55
Q

microprocessors handle data in chunks also called?

A

words

56
Q

64-bit processors operate on?

A

64-bit words

57
Q

what is the least significant bit(lsb)?

A

groups of bits in the 1’s column

ECEN375 (5 decks)

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