Unit 1 - Introduction to Human Physiology Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
define: physiology
A
study of structure & function of a living organism and it’s component parts
2
Q
why is physiology an integrative science
A
it considers many different levels of organization
3
Q
what level of organization does physiology research today focus on
A
cellular and molecular level
4
Q
what is the purpose of cell junctions
A
to hold cells together
5
Q
what are the three types of cell junctions
A
- anchoring junctions
- gap junctions
- tight junctions
6
Q
where is the extracellular matrix found
A
between cells
7
Q
what is the ECM synthesized and secreted by
A
cells in the tissue
8
Q
what are the four primary tissue types in the human body
A
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- neural
9
Q
what is the main purpose of the epithelia
A
protects the internal environment of the individual
10
Q
what does the epithelia regulate
A
the exchange of material between the external environment and internal environment
11
Q
what are the five types of epithelia
A
- exchange
- ciliated
- secretory
- transporting
- protective
12
Q
where is ciliated epithelia found
A
lining airways & female reproductive tract
13
Q
where do the products synthesized and released by epithelia go
A
into the external environment or the blood
14
Q
where is protective epithelia found
A
on the surface of the body
15
Q
what does connective tissue provide
A
structural support and barriers
16
Q
which tissue type has an extensive ECM
A
connective tissue
17
Q
what does the ECM contain (4)
A
- proteoglycans
- collagen
- elastic
- fibronectin
18
Q
what are the five types of connective tissue
A
- loose
- dense
- adipose
- blood
- supporting
19
Q
where is loose connective tissue found
A
underlying the skin
20
Q
what is the primary function of dense connective tissue
A
strength
21
Q
what does adipose connective tissue contain
A
adipocytes
22
Q
where is supporting connective tissue found
A
dense substances, e.g. cartilage and bone
23
Q
what does blood connective tissue lack
A
insoluble protein fibers
24
Q
what does the ability of muscle to contract produce
A
force and movement
25
what are the three types of muscle
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
26
what is skeletal muscle responsible for
gross body movement
27
what is smooth muscle responsible for
influencing the movement of substance into/out of/within the body
28
what is cardiac muscle responsible for
moving blood through the body
29
what do neural tissues do
carry information from one part of the body to another
30
which type of tissue has very little ECM
neural
31
what are the two types of cells in neural tissue
- neurons
- glial cells
32
what do neurons do
carry information as electrical or chemical signals
33
what do glial cells do
support neurons
34
what are the 10 major organ systems in the human body
- nervous
- musculoskeletal
- circulatory
- respiratory
- immune
- endocrine
- reproductive
- digestive
- urinary
- integumentary
35
what does function of the system answer
why does the system exist
36
what does mechanism of the system answer
how does the system work
37
why do physiologists study mechanism
to understand function
38
define: homeostasis
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
39
what involves a series of automatic control mechanisms
homeostasis
40
what is the result of homeostatic control in regards to a set-point
oscillation around a set-point
41
can set-points change with time
yes
42
what is acclimatization
environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change
43
what are circadian rhythms
daily biological rhythms
44
what may failure to maintain homeostasis result in
disruption to function and possibly a disease state
45
whare are four basic mechanisms of how cells communicate in the body
- gap junctions
- contact-dependent signals
- local communication
- long-distance communication
46
what type of cell communication is known as direct cell-to-cell communication
gap junctions
47
what does communication between cells occur via between adjacent cells
protein channels (connexons)
48
what is contact-dependent signal communication from
the interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
49
where is contact-dependent signalling found
in immune cells & during development
50
what does local communication occur via
paracrine and autocrine signals
51
define: paracrine signals
chemical secreted by cells which act on neighbouring cells
52
define: autocrine signals
chemicals that act on the cell that produces them
53
which systems are responsible for long-distance communication
nervous and endocrine system
54
which system uses chemical and electrical signals for communication
nervous system
55
what is the name of the electrical signals sent by the nervous system
neurotransmitters
56
what is the name of the chemical signals sent by the nervous system
neurohormones
57
which system uses chemical signals for communication
endocrine
58
what type of complex molecules are receptors
trans-membrane proteins or glycoproteins
59
where are receptors usually found
in the plasma membrane
60
can receptors be intracellular
yes, cytosolic or nuclear
61
what are the three main domains of membrane spanning receptors
- extracellular
- trans-membrane
- intracellular
62
which domain of receptors is involved in binding the ligand
extracellular domain
63
which domain of receptors in involved in activating the cellular response
intracellular domain
64
what is responsible for determining the type of response for chemical signalling
the receptor and the signal
65
what does an activated receptor do to start a signal
interacts with molecules inside the cell
66
what is signal transduction
signal being carried to the appropriate place inside the cell
67
what is local control of homeostasis
effects are exerted on neighbouring cells
68
what is reflex control of homeostasis
the reaction in one or more organs is controlled from elsewhere in the body
69
do homeostatic systems maintain constancy
no they maintain similarity
70
can set points be reset
yes
71
are all variables controlled equally through homeostasis
no, some are controlled more closely than others
72
what do response loops start with
stimulus
73
what do response loops result in
a response
74
what are the steps in a response loop
- stimulus
- sensor or receptor
- afferent pathway
- integrating center
- efferent pathway
- target or effector
- response
75
what are the three types of feedback/control systems to regulate the response loops
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
- feedforward control
76
what does negative feedback result in
a change that opposes or removes the signal thus returning the variable to its original value
77
which type of feedback/control system results in oscillation around the set-point
negative feedback
78
what does positive feedback result in
reinforcing stimulus, sending the variable further from the set point until an external signal turns the response off
79
is positive feedback homeostatic
no
80
what is an example of positive feedback
labour
81
what is feedforward control also known as
anticipatory control
82
what is feedforward control
prediction that change is about to happen, starts the response loop
83
what is the integumentary system composed of
the skin
84
what is the purpose of the integumentary system
protection from external environment
85
what is intracellular fluid
fluid within cells
86
what are two options for output to maintain mass balance
excretion and conversion
87
what is the calculation for mass flow
concentration x volume flow
88
define: clearance
volume of blood cleared of substance x per unit of time
89
what are the three major body cavities
- cranial cavity (skull)
- thoracic cavity (thorax)
- abdominopelvic cavity
90
what are body cavities lined with
tissue membranes
91
define: lumen
the cavity of a hollow tube or organ
92
is the lumen of an organ part of the body's internal environment
not always, sometimes the lumen is an extension of the external environment
93
what are the two subdivisions of extracellular fluid
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
94
define: liposome
large spheres with bilayer phospholipid walls
95
can membrane proteins move laterally from location to location
not for all proteins, some are anchored to cytoskeleton
96
what are the three type of protein fibers in the cytoplasnm
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
97
what are the two general purposes of protein fibers
- structural support
- movement
98
what is the purpose of the centrosome
it assembles tubulin molecules into microtubules
99
what are the three groups of motor proteins associated with the cytoskeleton
- myosins
- kinesins
- dyneins
100
