Unit 1, LA A Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Define growth
A
Growth is an increase in some measured quantity, such as height or weight.
2
Q
Define development
A
Development is complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities.
3
Q
What is the age range of infancy ?
A
0-2 years
4
Q
What is the age range of early childhood ?
A
3-8 years
5
Q
What life stage is 9-18 years ?
A
Adolescence
6
Q
What is the age range of early adulthood ?
A
19-45
7
Q
What life stage is 46-65 years ?
A
Middle adulthood
8
Q
What is the age range for later adulthood?
A
65+
9
Q
What are the principles of growth ?
A
- As height increases, so does weight.
- Growth rate isn’t smooth.
- Growth rates vary between children.
- There are differences in the rates of boys and girls.
- Rates vary across the body.
10
Q
What are the principles of development ?
A
development happens:
- From head to toe.
- From inside to outside.
- In the same sequence, at different rates.
- Holistically.
11
Q
When do infants grown rapidly ?
A
During the first 6 months of their lives.
12
Q
When should a baby be double and triple their birth weight ?
A
by 4-5 months and 1 year.
13
Q
By 2 years old what height should an infant be ?
A
half their adult height.
14
Q
How is growth recorded ?
A
- Measurements are carried out and plotted on a growth chart, the charts are different for boys and girls.
- The growth rate is compared to centile lines so that ill health can be identified.
15
Q
What are centile lines ?
A
lines on a graph used to show the average measurements of height, weight and head circumference.
16
Q
As development progresses, what do children reach ?
A
A number of key milestones or developmental norms.
17
Q
What is a milestone ?
A
an ability achieved by most children by a certain age.
18
Q
What is a development norm ?
A
A description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child’s development ?
19
Q
What are the key features of growth and physical development at birth and infancy ?
A
-Grow rapidly to approx half adult height by 2.
-By 1 yr they walk.
By 2 yrs they run.
20
Q
What are the key features of growth and physical development in early childhood ?
A
- Grow at a steady pace.
- Development of strength and coordination continues.
21
Q
What are the key features of growth and physical development in adolescence ?
A
- Growth spurts.
- Develop sexual characteristics during puberty.
22
Q
What are the key features of growth and physical development in early adulthood ?
A
-Young adults reach the peak of their physical fitness.
23
Q
What are the key features of growth and physical development in middle adulthood ?
A
- Aging process begins.
- Loss of strength and stamina.
- Menopause.
24
Q
What are the key features of growth and physical development in later adulthood ?
A
- Aging process continues.
- Loss of mobility.
- Loss of height.
25
What are gross motor skills ?
large movements that involve using large muscles of the body that are required for mobility.
26
What are fine motor skills ?
small movements that involve more precises direction and use small muscles.
27
What are some examples of gross motor skills ?
- Crawling
- skipping
- Walking
28
What are some examples of fine motor skills ?
- Following objects with eyes
- Building blocks
- Drinking with little spillage.
29
\When do gross and fine motor skills begin to develop ?
As soon as a baby is born.
30
What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:
A) newborn
B) 1 mnth
C) 3 mnths
A) G- reflexes such as grasp. F- hold thumbs tucked into hands.
B) G- Lifts chin, some control of head. F- opens hang to
grasp finger.
C) G- Can lift head and chest. F- Briefly grasp rattle.
31
What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:
A) 6 mnths
B) 9-10 mnths
C) 12-13 mnths
A) G- Roll, sit up, kick legs when held up. F- pass objects from hands, pick up dropped toys.
B) G- Crawls, cruise. F- Use finger and thumb to hold objects.
C) Stand and walk. F- Manipulates and places toys.
32
What gross and fine motor skills are developed at:
A) 18 mnths
B) 2 yrs
C) 2 1/2 yrs
A) G- climbs onto furniture. F- Build short tower with blocks.
B) G- Throws large ball. Moves a sit on toy. F- Draws lines, circles, turns page.
C) G- Jumps from low step, kick ball. F- use spoon and fork, build tall tower with blocks.
33
What Gross motor skills are developed in early childhood?
```
3- ride tricycle, run, balance on 1 foot.
4- kick and throw large ball.
5- hop
6-7- skip, ride bike.
8- take part in sports.
```
34
What fine motor motor skills are developed in early childhood?
3- use pencil, copy letters, build towers.
5- dress and undress.
8- draw detailed picture.
35
Define Adolescence
an important status change following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child to an adult.
36
What develops during adolescence?
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
37
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Relate top the changes and development of reproductive organs.
38
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
outwards signs of development from a child to an adult.
39
What are the primary sexual characteristics in:
A) females
B) males
A) Uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens, ovaries release eggs, menstrual cycle begins.
B) enlargement of penis and testes, spontaneous erections, testicles produce spermatozoa.
40
What are the secondary sexual characteristics in:
A) females
B) males
A) Breasts develop and areola swells and darkens, hair grows in pubic area and armpits, hips widen.
B voice deepens, hair grows in armpits, pubic area and face, redistribution of muscle and fat.
41
What are the main female hormones and what are they responsible for?
Oestrogen and progesterone. Responsible for ovulation and menstruation.
42
what are the main male hormones and what are they responsible for?
Testosterone. Responsible for sperm production and development of secondary sexual characteristics.
43
When does puberty begin ?
In males 13-15, in females 11-13.
44
What does the pituitary gland do?
controls the release of sex hormones.
45
What are the 3 key milestones in early adulthood ?
Physical strength peaks.
Pregnancy and lactation.
Perimenopause.
46
What are some of the symptoms experienced in perimenopause?
- hot flushes and night sweats.
- lower sex drive(libido)
- fatigue
- irregular of heavy periods.
- vaginal dryness,discomfort during sex.
- mood swings.
- trouble sleeping.
- urine leakage when coughing/sneezing.
- urinary urgency
47
What is the menopause and when does it happen?
menopause is the ending of female fertility. It happens between 45-55 yrs.
48
What does the menopause involve?
- Gradual ending of menstruation and a large reduction of fertile eggs.
- increase in the production of hormones called gonadotropins, causing irritability, hot flushes and night sweats.
- reduction in the sex hormones produce by ovaries.
49
What does intellectual and cognitive development refer to?
how individuals organise their ideas and make sense of the world which they live in.
50
How does intellectual development happen in infancy and early childhood ?
rapidly.
51
What interlectual development happens in adolescence and early adulthood?
Development of logical thought.
problem solving.
memory recall skills.
52
What intallectual development happens in middle adulthood?
They can think through problems and make sound judgments using life experiences.
53
What interllectual development happens in later adulthood?
Changes in the brain causing short term memory decline.
| slower thought processes and reaction times.
54
What are the stages of language development from 3 months to 5 yrs?
```
3 mnths- babbling.
12 mnths- imitate sounds.
2 yrs- two-word sentences.
3 yrs- simple sentences.
4 yrs- clear sentences.
5 yrs- full adult grammer.
```
55
Give example of how language development can be promoted in infants.
- blow bubbles
- play with puppets
- watch and listen to other children
- join in with actions.
- rhymes and songs
- picture books
56
Give examples of how language development can be promoted in young children
- circle time
- group activities
- imaginary playing
- share toys and rhymes
- play word games and riddles
57
Give example of how language development can be promoted in adolescence.
- read books and journals
- group projects
- discuss ideas
- plan and deliver presentations.
58
What does Piaget's model focus on?
How children acquire the ability to think.
59
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
- sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
- preoperational (2-7 yrs)
- concrete operational (7-11)
- formal operational (11-18)
60
What are schemas?
A category of knowledge as well as the the process of acquiring knowledge.
61
What are the stages of developing a schema?
Equilibrium
Disequilibrium
Accommodation
Equilibrium
62
What is conservation and what age do children understand it?
The idea that somethings appearance may change but the quantity will stay the same. It can be understood by the age of 7.
63
What is egocentrism best described as?
A child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view.
64
What does chomsky's model of language acquisition suggest?
that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals as children are born with a language acquisition device.
65
What are the key feature of emotional development in infancy?
Attachment
66
What are the key features of emotional development in early childhood?
Understanding themselves and others.
67
What are the key features of emotional development in adolescence?
Identity
68
What are the key features of emotional development in early and middle adulthood?
Intimacy
69
What are the key features of emotional development in later adulthood?
Making sense of your life.
70
Define self- concept
An awareness formed in early childhood of being an individual, a unique person and different from everyone else.
71
What does john Bowlby refer to attachment as?
a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects a child to their primary caregiver. He says that infants are preprogrammed to form attachments with a main caregiver.
72
Define deprivation.
being deprived of a caregiver to whom attachment already exists.
73
Define privation.
being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment
74
Define separation anxiety.
the fear and apprehension that infants experience when separated from their primary caregiver.
75
What 6 factors may affect attachment.
```
Permituratu
Post-natal depression
Separation
Foster care/ adoption
Emotional unavailability
Disability
```
76
What can low self-esteem in children cause?
the child can become passive, withdrawn,depressed, difficulty dealing with problems, self-critical.
77
What are the stages of play and what ages do they occur at?
```
solo play (0-1 yrs)
solo play (12-18 mnths)
parallel play (18 mnths-2 yrs)
Associative play (3-4 yrs)
Cooperative play (4-6 yrs)
Cooperative play (6-8 yrs)
```
78
What social development occurs in infancy?
Interacting with carers.
79
What social development occurs in childhood?
First social learning.
80
What social development occurs in in adolescence?`
Secondary social learning.
81
What social development occurs in adulthood?
Maturity.
82
What social development occurs in older adulthood?
More free time to develop friendships of increase involvement with friends or family.
