Unit 1 Lecture 6: Myology and Movement

Question 1

Muscles

Answer 1

use ATP to generate force

stimulation to generate force can come from nerves, intrinsic system regulation, hormones, etc.

responsible for body movements

contain myofilaments (i.e. actin & myosin) which interact to produce tension

Question 2

3 Types of Muscle Tissue:

Answer 2

1) Skeletal (voluntary, striated)
2) Cardiac (involuntary, striated)
3) Smooth (involuntary, nonstriated)

Actin and myosin are responsible for striation

Question 3

Functions of Muscle Tissue:

Answer 3

1) Producing Body Movement – including moving substances within the body (e.g. peristalsis); changing the size of certain structures (e.g. pupil of eye)
2) Maintaining Posture
3) Stabilizing Joints
4) Generating Heat (thermogenesis)

Question 4

Macroscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 4

1) Skeletal Muscle Fibers
2) Blood Vessels (artery, capillaries, and veins)
3) Nerve Fibers
4) Connective Tissue

Question 5

Connective Tissue Sheaths Associated with a Skeletal Muscle:

Answer 5

1) Endomysium
2) Perimysium
3) Epimysium

Question 6

Muscle Tissue:

Macroscopic Structure

Answer 6

Most skeletal muscles cross at least one joint and are usually attached to the articulating bones that form the joint.

When a muscle contracts and shortens, it pulls one of the articulating bones towards the other; so one bone remains relatively stationary, while the other moves.

Question 7

Origin

Answer 7

the muscle’s attachment to the immovable (or less movable) bone

Can be a Direct or Indirect Attachment

Question 8

Insertion

Answer 8

the muscle’s attachment to the moveable bone

Can be a Direct or Indirect Attachment

Question 9

Direct Attachments

Answer 9

the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of the bone

Question 10

Indirect Attachments

Answer 10

the muscle’s connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as either a tendon or an aponeurosis, which will attach to the bone

Question 11

aponeurosis

Answer 11

a sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment.

Aponeuroses (plural of aponeurosis: απο, “away” or “of”, and νευρον, “sinew”) are layers of flat broad tendons.

Question 12

4 General Types of Movements

at Synovial Joints:

Answer 12

1) Gliding Movement or Translation

2) Angular Movement:
Includes Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction.

3) Rotation

4) Special Movements*:
Includes Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Supination, Pronation, Inversion, Eversion, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, and Opposition

*There are other movements that apply to specific joints or don’t fit into the categories first 3 categories; these are called special movements.

Question 13

Gliding or Translation

Answer 13

Intercarpal Joints

Question 14

Angular Movements:

Flexion

Answer 14

Decrease in the angle between 2 body parts

Lift entire arm up

Kicking heel backwards

Trend: to curl in toward the bellybutton

Question 15

Angular Movements:

Extension

Answer 15

Increases the angle between 2 body parts

Opposite of flexion

Pressing entire arm back posteriorly

Swinging leg up anteriorly

Trend: movement toward dorsal

Question 16

Angular Movements:

Adduction

Answer 16

Moving medially or towards the midline

AdDuction, MiDline, MeDially

Question 17

Angular Movements:

Abduction

Answer 17

Moving laterally or away from the midline

like spreading out fingers

Question 18

Plantar Flexion

Answer 18

Downward pushing movement of the ball of the foot

Planting foot deeper into the soil

Going from regular standing into calf raises or into standing on the “tippy toes”

Question 19

Dorsiflexion

Answer 19

pulling toes back towards the knee

Question 20

Eversion

Answer 20

pinky toe leads up towards later

Question 21

Inversion

Answer 21

The big toe leads up towards the midline

Like how mom and I stand when barefoot

Question 22

In order for a ballerina to stand on her toes, her feet must ____________.

Answer 22

plantar flex

Question 23

The action of moving away a limb from the midline or median plane of the body is known as _____.

Answer 23

abduction

Question 24

The end of the muscle that is attached to the more stationary of the two bones is the _____.

Answer 24

origin

Question 25

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that __________.

Answer 25

surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Question 26

Another name for a muscle cell is a muscle ______________.

Answer 26

fiber

Question 27

What muscle tissue is involuntary and found throughout the body?

Answer 27

Smooth

Question 28

What muscle tissue is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary?

Answer 28

Skeletal

Question 29

In what order would a scalpel penetrate these layers of connective tissue upon cutting into the rectus femoris muscle? Endomysium Epimysium Perimysium

Answer 29

From external to internal. So from Epimysium, down into the Perimysium, and finally to the Endomysium

Question 30

The type of movement produced when you shake your head "no" is ________.

Answer 30

rotation

Question 31

__________ decreases the angle between two bones.

Answer 31

Flexion

Question 32

_________ increases the angle between two bones.

Answer 32

extension

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system? ``` A)  Hematopoiesis B)  Heat generation C)  Joint stabilization D)  Posture maintenance E)  Movement ```

Answer 33

Hematopoiesis is not

Question 34

When grasping a doorknob, what movement of your forearm is necessary to open the door – turning the knob in a clockwise direction? (Note: Assume you are using your right hand.)

Answer 34

Supination

Question 35

What movement is required to tilt the head posteriorly to look up at the sky to gaze at the stars?

Answer 35

Hyperextension