Unit 1 Liver Function

Question 1

What is the largest internal organ?

Answer 1

The liver

Question 2

What color is the liver?

Answer 2

Reddish-brown

Question 3

How much blood does the liver contain?

Answer 3

Around 1.4 liters

Question 4

Where is the liver located?

Answer 4

In the upper quadrant just below the diaphragm

Question 5

What percentage of blood comes from the aorta to the liver?

Answer 5

Around 25%

Question 6

What percentage of blood comes from the portal vein to the liver?

Answer 6

Around 75%

Question 7

What are the main functional cells of the liver?

Answer 7

Hepatocytes

Question 8

What type of macrophages are found in the liver?

Answer 8

Kupffer cells

Question 9

Which enzyme is the main liver enzyme for hepatobiliary obstruction?

Answer 9

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

Question 10

Which enzyme is primarily associated with hepatocellular damage?

Answer 10

AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)

Question 11

What is the function of sinusoids in the liver?

Answer 11

They serve as vascular spacers

Question 12

What are the functional units of the liver responsible for metabolism and excretion?

Answer 12

Lobules

Question 13

What is found in each portal triad?

Answer 13

A hepatic artery, a portal vein, and a bile duct

Question 14

What are the primary roles of the liver?

Answer 14

Detoxification, metabolism, bile production, and glycogen storage

Question 15

Which macromolecules does the liver metabolize?

Answer 15

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Question 16

What are the three processes involved in glucose metabolism?

Answer 16

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and Glycogenesis

Question 17

What is the first pass effect in liver detoxification?

Answer 17

All substances absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract must first pass through the liver before reaching systemic circulation

Question 18

How does the liver convert ammonia (NH3)?

Answer 18

It converts NH3 into urea

Question 19

What substances does the liver store?

Answer 19

Glucose (as glycogen), Vitamin A, B12, iron, and copper

Question 20

What is the normal storage limit for glycogen in the liver?

Answer 20

Up to 20% of liver weight

Question 21

What is fatty liver disease?

Answer 21

A condition where triglycerides exceed 5% of liver weight

Question 22

Which vitamin is stored mostly in adipocytes?

Answer 22

Vitamin D

Question 23

Which vitamin is rapidly depleted and important for clotting factors?

Answer 23

Vitamin K

Question 24

What is the last function to degrade in liver failure?

Answer 24

Synthetic function

Question 25

What are PT and APTT tests used for?

Answer 25

Evaluating liver function related to blood clotting

Question 26

What are ketone bodies used for in starvation?

Answer 26

An alternative fuel source for the brain

Question 27

What is bilirubin derived from?

Answer 27

Iron-containing heme

Question 28

What is the principal pigment in bile?

Answer 28

Bilirubin

Question 29

What are the two primary bile acids?

Answer 29

Cholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 30

What are the secondary bile acids?

Answer 30

Deoxycholic acid and Chenoxycholic acid

Question 31

Which liver enzymes are elevated in alcoholic liver disease?

Answer 31

ALT and GGT

Question 32

What is the most common drug causing liver toxicity?

Answer 32

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Question 33

What are the three stages of alcohol-induced liver injury?

Answer 33

Alcoholic fatty liver, Alcoholic hepatitis, and Alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 34

What is the most severe form of alcohol-induced liver injury?

Answer 34

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 35

What is Reye’s syndrome primarily associated with?

Answer 35

Aspirin use in children with viral infections

Question 36

What are the two main types of liver cancer?

Answer 36

Primary (Hepatocellular carcinoma) and Metastatic liver cancer

Question 37

What is the most common form of viral hepatitis worldwide?

Answer 37

Hepatitis A

Question 38

What type of virus causes Hepatitis B?

Answer 38

DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family

Question 39

How is Hepatitis C primarily transmitted?

Answer 39

Through infected blood

Question 40

Which hepatitis virus is dependent on Hepatitis B for replication?

Answer 40

Hepatitis D

Question 41

What is the Greek meaning of "Cirrhosis"?

Answer 41

Yellow

Question 42

What are the two key features of cirrhosis?

Answer 42

Fibrosis and nodules

Question 43

What is the primary cause of jaundice?

Answer 43

Hyperbilirubinemia

Question 44

What is Kernicterus?

Answer 44

Deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the brain of infants

Question 45

What type of jaundice is caused by excessive RBC destruction?

Answer 45

Pre-hepatic jaundice (Hemolytic Hyperbilirubinemia)

Question 46

What is Dubin-Johnson Syndrome associated with?

Answer 46

Defective excretion of conjugated bilirubin

Question 47

What condition is caused by a mutation in the UGT1A1 gene?

Answer 47

Gilbert Syndrome

Question 48

What is the normal bilirubin reference range in adults?

Answer 48

0.2-1.0 mg/dL

Question 49

What is the diagnostic test for urine bilirubin?

Answer 49

Fouchet’s test

Question 50

Which method is more accurate for measuring bilirubin: Malloy-Evelyn or Jendrassik-Grof?

Answer 50

Jendrassik-Grof