Unit 1: Macromolecules and Alcohol Metabolism

Question 1

pathway of alcohol in the body

Answer 1

ingestion – stomach – gut – bloodstream – liver

Question 2

when does BAC peak after drinking?

Answer 2

about 40 min after consumption

Question 3

how long does it take for our body to metabolize alcohol?

Answer 3

about 6 hours

Question 4

where does alcohol metabolism occur?

Answer 4

liver

Question 5

enzyme

Answer 5

molecules that catalyze biochemical reaction; most are proteins

Question 6

substrate

Answer 6

chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds

Question 7

active site

Answer 7

location within the enzyme where the substrate binds; where the “action” happens

Question 8

main components of enzymatic reaction

Answer 8

substrate binds to the enzyme and releases products

Question 9

Indicate the enzyme in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate

Answer 9

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 10

Indicate the substrate in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate

Answer 10

acetaldehyde

Question 11

Indicate the product in this reaction:
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate

Answer 11

acetate

Question 12

homozygous

Answer 12

2 of the same copies

Question 13

heterozygous

Answer 13

2 different copies

Question 14

alleles

Answer 14

variations of the same gene

Question 15

genotype

Answer 15

gene variations, changes in nucleotides

Question 16

phenotype

Answer 16

physical characteristics

Question 17

ALDH

Answer 17

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 18

ADH

Answer 18

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 19

how does the body react to acetaldehyde

Answer 19

experience mood changes, headache, vomiting, increased heart rate, stomach pain, muscle aches

Question 20

what are the two proteins that combine together to create the enzyme ADH?

Answer 20

ADH2 and ADH3

Question 21

why does a person whose body metabolizes alcohol slower experience instant hangovers?

Answer 21

acetaldehyde will remain in the system for a long period of time

Question 22

Describe ADH2 Version*1’s substrate binding and velocity

Answer 22

stronger bind and slow velocity

Question 23

Describe ADH2 Version*2’s substrate binding and velocity

Answer 23

weaker bind and faster velocity

Question 24

Do you think that genetic testing for these genes would tell you if you were going to develop alcoholism?

Answer 24

No, not directly (but not yes either). These are just genetic predispositions that can create the risk of developing alcoholism. Behaviors and experiences are factors as well, so genetics can’t directly say if someone will develop alcoholism or not.

Question 25

mutation

Answer 25

how alternate alleles of genes arise; is an occurring change to a DNA sequence or a protein

Question 26

protein synthesis

Answer 26

a link between DNA and proteins

Question 27

what are the 2 processes of protein synthesis

Answer 27

transcription and translation

Question 28

transcription

Answer 28

DNA must be copied into RNA

Question 29

what happens during transcription

Answer 29

the enzyme RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene, called mRNA

Question 30

promoter

Answer 30

a special DNA sequence; binds to RNA polymerase just before the start of the gene

Question 31

Complementary Base Pairing DNA base --> Complementary RNA base G --> ? C --> ? A --> ? T --> ?

Answer 31

G-->C C-->G A-->U T-->A

Question 32

translation

Answer 32

mRNA is used to generate proteins by ribosomes

Question 33

what happens during translation

Answer 33

ribosomes get together on the exported mRNA and tRNA matches up with complementary mRNA and create codons

Question 34

codon

Answer 34

a sequence of 3 nucleic acids in mRNA that match nucleic acids in tRNA

Question 35

polypeptide

Answer 35

final product produced

Question 36

amino acids

Answer 36

building blocks for proteins

Question 37

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Answer 37

matches amino acids with correct codon in mRNA

Question 38

silent mutation

Answer 38

no change in amino acid

Question 39

missense mutation

Answer 39

change an amino acid to another amino acid

Question 40

nonsense mutation

Answer 40

change an amino acid to a stop codon

Question 41

carbohydrates consist of these atoms

Answer 41

carbons, hydrogens, and oxygen

Question 42

functions of carbohydrates

Answer 42

energy storage cell surface molecules structure

Question 43

what do amyloplasts contains?

Answer 43

starch

Question 44

starch is a polymer of:

Answer 44

glucose

Question 45

where is glycogen in animals stored?

Answer 45

in the muscles and liver

Question 46

glycocalyx

Answer 46

where good bacteria sticks to the surface in the intestine cells

Question 47

role of structural carbohydrates

Answer 47

provide structure (ex. wood)

Question 48

what is wood composed of?

Answer 48

cellulose fibers

Question 49

disaccharides

Answer 49

two sugar molecules linked together

Question 50

monosaccharides

Answer 50

simple sugars, single sugar molecule

Question 51

polysaccharide

Answer 51

many sugar molecules linked together

Question 52

what are disaccharides held together by?

Answer 52

glycosidic bonds

Question 53

what's another name for cellulose?

Answer 53

fiber

Question 54

how do you find total carbs?

Answer 54

add sugars, fiber, starch, and other sources together

Question 55

what are mono/disaccharides primarily used for?

Answer 55

to sweeten

Question 56

simple sugars have this ending

Answer 56

-ose

Question 57

why is too much simple sugar bad?

Answer 57

insulin allows glucose to be taken up by cells and high levels of sugar in the blood overtime can result in insulin resistance (leading to Type 2 diabetes and heart problems)

Question 58

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 58

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 59

examples of disaccharide

Answer 59

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 60

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 60

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 61

where are hydrolysis enzymes located?

Answer 61

in the mouth and small intestine

Question 62

what do hydrolysis enzymes do?

Answer 62

break down larger carbohydrates

Question 63

enzyme protein names often end in this suffix:

Answer 63

-ase