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Biology 1108 > Unit 1 - MSH - Bonds, Proteins, Nutrient Limitation, & Species Interactions > Flashcards

Unit 1 - MSH - Bonds, Proteins, Nutrient Limitation, & Species Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

definition: how tightly an atom holds onto its electrons

A

electronegativity

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2
Q

What is the type of bond based on?

A

relative amount of time electrons spend around involved atoms

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3
Q

What influences the amount of time electrons spend around involved atoms?

A

electronegativity

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4
Q

definition: tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond to hold onto the electrons

A

electronegativity

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5
Q

What type of bond involved a PERMANENT attraction between ions?

A

ionic bond

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6
Q

What type of bond involves WHOLE charged particles (+1/-1)?

A

ionic

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7
Q

What type of bond involves atoms that SHARE a pair of electrons?

A

covalent

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8
Q

What holds two atoms together in a covalent bond?

A

their codependency with their shared electrons / low energy state

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9
Q

What comes about due to the differences in electronegativity of atoms?

A

polarity

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10
Q

In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared equally?

A

non polar covalent

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11
Q

What is the typical electronegativity difference between atoms with a non polar covalent bond?

A

less than or equal to 0.4

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12
Q

In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared unevenly?

A

polar covalent

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13
Q

What type of bond has partial positive and partial negative charges on its atoms?

A

polar covalent

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14
Q

What is the typical electronegativity difference between atoms with a polar covalent bond?

A

0.4-2.0

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15
Q

What type of bond involves the transfer of an electron?

A

ionic bond

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16
Q

What is the typical electronegativity difference between ions in an ionic bond?

A

2.0-4.0

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17
Q

What causes there to be partial negative and partial positive charges within a polar molecule?

A

unequal distribution of electrons

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18
Q

What type of bonds are amino acids chains held together with in their secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

What are non-covalent interactions termed as?

A

intermolecular forces

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20
Q

Are IMFs formed between or within molecules?

A

between

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21
Q

Are IMFs permanent or temporary forces?

A

temporary

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22
Q

What consists of a Hydrogen bond?

A

between a partially positive H atom on one molecule that attracts to a partially negative O, N, or F in another molecule

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23
Q

What properties are IMFs very important for?

A

(1) water cohesion
(2) surface tension

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24
Q

What are some of the stronger interactions between polar molecules?

A

dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding

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25
Q

What are some of the weaker interactions between non polar molecules?

A

Van der Waals, dipole-induced dipole, hydrophobic attractions, London dispersion forces

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26
Q

What 2 things ultimately determine protein shape?

A

(1) type of bond
(2) IMF

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27
Q

What type of bonds does the primary protein structure consist of?

A

peptide (C-N covalent) bonds

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28
Q

What type of bonds does secondary structure consist of?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids

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29
Q

What type of bonds does tertiary structure consist of?

A

IMFs (hydrogen bonds, van Der Waals, etc), covalent bonds (disulfide bridge), and ionic bonds

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30
Q

What type of bonds does quaternary structure consist of?

A

IMFs (hydrogen bonds, van Der Waals, etc), covalent bonds (disulfide bridge), and ionic bonds

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31
Q

What happens when there is a mutation with regards to protein stages?

A

new amino acid sequence (1 degree structure)

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32
Q

What law explains limiting resources with regards to MSH?

A

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

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33
Q

How does Liebig’s Law of the Minimum apply to individuals?

A

individuals will grow only up to the point it runs out of a vital resource, even if there are surpluses in other categories

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34
Q

How does Liebig’s Law of the Minimum apply to populations?

A

populations will only grow up to the point that they run out of a vital resource

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35
Q

What is the main caveat to Liebig’s Law of the Minimum?

A

only works for organisms with indeterminate growth - no maximum size - or at a size where there are no limits on size

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36
Q

What are some important assumptions for Liebig’s Law of the Minimum?

A

(1) only one limiting resource at a time (one has to be lowest)
(2) too much of a nutrient isn’t harmful
(3) ignore realistic size limitations for organisms

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37
Q

What’s limiting in the MSH soils? In what forms?

A

Nitrogen; ammonium and nitrate

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38
Q

Why do we ignore the lack of organic Carbon in the MSH soil?

A

plants take in Carbon through the air (CO2), not through their roots in the soil

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39
Q

How do prairie lupine survive if they can’t use atmospheric N2 and have no nitrate available in the soil?

A

N-fixing bacteria

40
Q

What is the amazing thing that some plants, especially legumes, have managed to combine?

A

N-fixation and assimilation

41
Q

What is the only way to get N2 out of the atmosphere?

A

fixation by bacteria - only way to convert N2 into organic forms of nitrogen for plant use

42
Q

Why was prairie lupine the only plant that could survive in the pumice plain originally?

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria were growing in its roots

43
Q

Where are N-fixing bacteria located on a lupine plant?

A

roots, nodules (bacteriod cells inside vesicles)

44
Q

Do both the plant and bacteria benefit from this interaction?

A

yes

45
Q

How do lupines benefit from their interaction with N-fixing bacteria?

A

they get usable forms of Nitrogen

46
Q

How do the N-fixing bacteria benefit from their relationship with Lupine?

A

they get photosynthetic products (glucose/sugar) & by getting this sugar it speeds up their cellular respiration process

47
Q

How do N-fixing bacteria get into plant nodules initially?

A

carried by the wind and “infect” lupine roots

48
Q

How soon do N-fixing bacteria “infect” Lupine roots?

A

just after germination

49
Q

How are Lupine able to survive before N-fixing bacteria come into effect?

A

Lupine has a large cotyledon which provides it with enough energy to survive until N-fixing bacteria survive

50
Q

What process converts N2 into NH4 and eventually NO3?

A

nitrogen fixation

51
Q

definition: type of relationship in which organisms live their lives in close physical proximity and evolved together

A

symbiotic relationship

52
Q

definition: type of relationship where both species benefit from the interaction

A

mutualism relationship

53
Q

Without this mutualistic, symbiotic interaction, would plants ever have been able to survive on MSH? How?

A

yes; the N-fixing bacteria already in the soil would build N content over time so some plants could reestablish & survive

54
Q

What type of relationship is based completely on physical proximity?

A

symbiosis

55
Q

How would you describe the relationship between Lupine and N-fixing bacteria?

A

mutualistic & symbiotic

56
Q

Name some organisms that are symbiotic but NOT mutualistic?

A

-whales & barnacles
-parasite & mammals
-fish & whales

57
Q

Name some organisms that are mutualistic but NOT symbiotic?

A

-plant & birds/bees

58
Q

definition: any relationship where two or more species live closely together

A

symbiosis

59
Q

What are 3 types of symbiosis?

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

60
Q

Why don’t all plants just host N-fixing bacteria in their roots?

A

it takes up a LOT of energy and plants don’t want to spend this extra energy if they don’t have to

61
Q

How do we get the N we need to make our proteins?

A

from decomposers

62
Q

What are some other creative plant solution examples to N limitation?

A

(1) Venus fly trap: trap and digest proteins in insect
(2) sundew
(3) pitcher plant

63
Q

How is parasitism a plant solution to the nutrient problem?

A

parasites are able to extract sugar/nutrients from another plant

64
Q

What is a mutualistic, symbiotic fungi species that expands the area plants can obtain nutrients?

A

mycorrhizal fungi

65
Q

Describe how the relationship between Mycorrhizal Fungi and plants is mutualistic?

A

fungi: get sugar (from photosynthesis products of plant)
plants: get more water and nutrients

66
Q

What are the signs of a mutualistic relationship?

A

+/+

67
Q

What type of relationship benefits both organisms involved?

A

mutualistic

68
Q

What type of relationship benefits one organism involved but produces no effect on the other?

A

commensalism

69
Q

What are the signs of a commensalistic relationship?

A

+/0

70
Q

What types of relationships involve an organism that harms another to benefit itself?

A

parasitism, predator-prey, herbivory

71
Q

What type of relationship harms both organisms involved?

A

competition

72
Q

What are the signs of a competitive relationship?

A

-/-

73
Q

What types of relationship involve an organisms that hurts itself to benefit another?

A

altruism, facilitation

74
Q

In what part of the legume plant is N-fixing bacteria often found in?

A

root nodules

75
Q

What are examples of predator-prey relationships on MSH?

A

barred owl, mountain lion, coyote, vireo

76
Q

What are some examples of commensalism on MSH?

A

burdock

77
Q

What are some examples of herbivory on MSH?

A

elk, clark’s nutcracker, pocket gopher

78
Q

definition: when there are limited resources and 2 organisms “fight” over them

A

competition

79
Q

What are some common examples of resources organisms compete over?

A

food, mates, shelter, space

80
Q

definition: competition between individuals of the SAME species

A

intraspecific

81
Q

definition: competition between individuals of DIFFERENT species

A

interspecific

82
Q

What type of competition is between elk and deer fighting over grass on MSH?

A

interspecific

83
Q

Is Darwin’s survival of the fittest inter or intraspecific competition?

A

intraspecific; within the same species

84
Q

When you remove one species in a competitive interaction, what happens to the other?

A

other population will increase because it will have more available resources/food

85
Q

definition: one organism acts to increase the fitness of another organism at a cost to itself (decreasing its own fitness)

A

altruism

86
Q

definition: an organism increase the fecundity of a relative at a cost to its own reproductive capacity (ants, bees); proven to be mutualistic (not altruism)

A

kin selection

87
Q

What type of relationship involves organisms protecting members of their own species?

A

kin selection

88
Q

definition: when one organism changes the environment, leading to its own eventual replacement (accidental altruism)

A

facilitation

89
Q

How is Lupine an example of facilitation on MSH?

A

Lupine modifies the site so that other species can colonize & it improves the ecosystem so much that it causes its own demise

90
Q

How do plants facilitate each others growth?

A

(1) increased soil moisture
(2) soil building - decay / wind
(3) temperature and humidity regulation
(4) Attracting pollinators
(5) soil chemistry alteration (N-fixers)

91
Q

Why do pearly everlasting and fireweed have a competitive advantage over lupine?

A

because lupine are constantly spending energy feeding N-fixing bacteria; leaving more energy for other plants to grow faster and stronger

92
Q

In what relationship, does the original species benefit, but ultimately the replacement benefits more?

A

facilitation

93
Q

definition: the process of development that over time, gradually and predictably changes the biological community

A

succession

94
Q

What is the ultimate driver of succession?

A

facilitation

95
Q

How do primary and secondary succession differ?

A

primary: start from bare rock
secondary: starting with soil

Biology 1108 (12 decks)

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