UNIT 1: Overview of Exceptionality

Question 1

the society makes ____ to identify people who vary significantly from the norm

not the process

Answer 1

descriptors

Question 2

what is the proces of descriptors?

Answer 2

labelling

Question 3

what is the purpose of labels?

Answer 3

to identify and provide services for students with learning, physical, and behavioral differences

*services - discounts, etc.

Question 4

what are the common descriptors used to describe people with differences?

DDH

Answer 4

Disorder, disability, and handicap

these are not synonymous

Question 5

the broadest of the three terms, refers to general disturbance in mental, physical, or psychological functioning

Answer 5

disorder

Question 6

the term is more specific than a disorder and results from a loss of psychological functioning or from difficulty learning and social adjustment that significantly interferes with typical growth

Answer 6

disability

Question 7

is a limitation imposed on the individual by the demands in the environment and is related to the individual’s ability to adapt or adjust to those demands

Answer 7

handicap

usually a negative term, has a narrow focus; cap in hand

Question 8

a more comprehensive term, may be used to describe an indivual whose physical, intellectual, or behavioral performance differs substantially from the norm, either higher or lower

Answer 8

exceptional

includes those with extraordinary abilities and/or disabilities

Question 9

what are the given benefits of people who are exceptional

Answer 9

individualized assistance, supports, or accomodation in school or society

Question 10

True or False

Labels can be positive or negative.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Give labels that are positive and negative

Answer 11

positve: bright, intelligent, gifted
negative: radical, extremist, rebel

Question 12

True or False

Labels are often based on facts.

Answer 12

False

based on ideas, not on facts

Question 13

True or False

Labels can promote stereotyping, discrimination, and exclusion

Answer 13

True

Question 15

If theuse of labels may have negative consequences, why is labeling used so extensively?

Answer 15

• to distinguish those who are eligible for services,
• to **protect **the child, to identify specific needs,
• to determine** degrees of needs**,
• to set priorities for services when societal resources are limited

Question 16

what are three approaches that may be used to describe the nature and extent of someone who differs substantially from the norm

Answer 16

• a developmental approach
• a cultural view
• self labeling

Question 17

Which of the three approach

by observing in large numbers of individuals those characteristics that occur most frequently at a specific age

Answer 17

A Developmental Approach

Question 18

Which of the three approach

Normal is defined by societal values

Answer 18

A Cultural View

Question 19

Which of the three approach

People are considered deviant when they do something that is disapproved of by others members within the dominant culture

Answer 19

A Cultural View

Question 20

Which of the three approach

Self-imposed labels reflect how we perceive ourselves, not how others see us.

Answer 20

Self Labeling

Question 21

True or False

Reactions to a label differ greatly from one person to another but can often be negative.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The old terms such as mental subnormality and mental handicap, generate a more ________.

Answer 22

negative reaction

that of newer terms such as learning difficulty and learning disability

Question 23

What are the effects of being labeled?

Answer 23

• the person and the label may be inseparable
• the environment in which we view someone can influence our perceptions of that person.

Question 24

Biological Perspectives

What perspective considers the brain and nervous system functions as underlying cases of psychological disorders in children and adults?

Answer 24

Neurobiological Perspective

Question 25

# Biological Perspectives The brain shows ____ or malleability throughout the course of development.

Answer 25

neural plasticity

Question 26

# Biological Perspectives; True or False Experience plays a role in brain development, with transaction occuring between ongoing brain development and environmental experiences.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

# Biological Perspectives The consequences of ________ may be enduring and extremely difficult to change.

Answer 27

Traumatic Experience

Question 28

# Biological Perspectives ____ the basic physical and functional units of heredity.

Answer 28

Genes

Question 29

# Biological Perspectives; True or False Most of our behavior, personality and intelligence are determined by many genes, each contributing only a small portion.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

# Biological Perspectives ____ produce tendencies to respond to the environment in certain ways, but they do not determine behavior.

Answer 30

Genes

Question 31

# Biological Perspectives Areas of the brain that regulation different function and behaviors

Answer 31

* limbic system * basal ganglia * cerebral cortex * frontal lobes ## Footnote focuses of psychopathology

Question 32

# Biological Perspectives HPA axis

Answer 32

* hypothalamus * pituitary gland * adrenal glands ## Footnote implicated in several disorders, especially anxiety and mood disorders

Question 33

# Biological Perspectives What are the neurotransmitters that are most commonly implicated in psychopathology?

Answer 33

Serotonin, Benzodiazepine-- GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine

Question 34

# Psychological Perspectives core elements of human psychological experiences

Answer 34

emotions and affective expression

Question 35

# Psychological Perspectives They are a primary form of communication to young children that permits them to explore their world with increasing independence.

Answer 35

Emotions

Question 36

# Psychological Perspectives refers to individual differences in threshold and intensity of emotional experience, which provides clues to an individual's level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.

Answer 36

Emotion reactivity

Question 37

# Psychological Perspectives refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears early in development, such as fussiness or fearfulness.

Answer 37

Temperament

Question 38

# Psychological Perspectives it examines the relationships behavior and its antecedents and consequences.

Answer 38

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Question 39

# Psychological Perspectives ABA is based on four primary operant learning principles:

Answer 39

* positive reinforcement * negative reinforcement * extinction * punishment

Question 40

# Psychological Perspectives explains the acquisition of deviant behavior in the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli

Answer 40

Classical Conditioning

Question 41

# Psychological Perspectives it considers the influence of cognitive mediators that many influence the behaviors directly or indirectly.

Answer 41

Social Learning

Question 42

# Sociocultural Perspectives; True or False Children's normal and abnormal development does not depend on social and environmental contexts.

Answer 42

**False**; Children's normal and abnormal development depends on social and environmental contexts.

Question 43

3 disciplines concerned with supporting people with disabilities and their families in community setting:

Answer 43

medicine, psychology, sociology

Question 44

____ is defined as the absence of biological problems

Answer 44

Normalcy

Question 45

____ is an alterations in an organism caused by diseases

Answer 45

pathology

Question 46

Focuses primarily on the biological problems and on defining the nature of the disease and its pathological effects on the individual

Answer 46

Disease model

Question 47

Described man as a *blank state*

Answer 47

John Locke

Question 48

When the behavior of an individual does not meet the criteria of normalcy, it is labeled as _____

Answer 48

abnormal

Question 49

Looking into oneself to analyze experience | by Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 49

Principle of Introspection

Question 50

William James expanded the principle of introspection to include learning, motivation, and emotions

Answer 50

Principle of Psychology

Question 51

he shifted the focus of psychology from conscious experience to observable behavior and mental events

Answer 51

John B. Watson

Question 52

This approach views abnormal behavior more as a result of an individual's interaction with the environment than a disease.

Answer 52

Ecological Approach

Question 53

Ranges of levels of maladjustment

Answer 53

slightly deviant or eccentric < neurotic disorder < psychotic disorders

Question 54

They are concerned with modern cultures, group behaviors, societal institutions, and intergroup relationship.

Answer 54

Social Services professionals

Question 55

# True or False Social differences are defined within the context of the culture.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

# True or False Difference is defined as an expectation of a social norm.

Answer 56

False | Difference is defined as a violation of social norm.

Question 57

a professional who specializes in the study of heredity

Answer 57

geneticist

Question 58

a specially trained professional who counsels people about their chanes of producing a seriously ill infant, in reference to their genetic history

Answer 58

genetic counselor

Question 59

a professional who provides service that help restore the function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities

Answer 59

physical therapist

Question 60

a professional who specializes in developing self-care, work and play activities to increase independent function and quality of life, enhance development, and prevent disabilities

Answer 60

occupational therapist