Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Psychology > Unit 1, Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1, Part 2 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

APA

A

American Psychological Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Qualitative Research

A

research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Quantitative Research

A

research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Surveys

A

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Likert Scale

A

a numerical scale used to assess people’s attitudes; it includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Case Study

A

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Correlational Study

A

a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Positive Correlation

A

as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Negative Correlation

A

as one variable increases, the other decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Experimental Method

A

A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Operational Definition

A

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Confounding Variables

A

factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that is manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Random Sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Representative Sample
randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
26
Sampling Bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
27
Convenience Sample
choosing individuals who are easiest to reach
28
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
29
Control Group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
30
Random Assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
31
Placebo Effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
32
Double Blind Study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
33
Single Blind Study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
34
Experimenter Bias
a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
35
Hindsight Bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
36
Illusory Correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists
37
False Consensus Effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
38
Third Variable Problem
A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.
39
Social Desirability Bias
A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.
40
Falsifiable
capable of being disproved
41
Peer Review
A process by which the procedures and results of an experiment are evaluated by other scientists who are in the same field or who are conducting similar research.
42
Directionality Problem
a problem encountered in correlational studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable
43
Self-Report Bias
systematic errors that can occur in self-report data because participants are unable or unwilling to answer accurately
44
Overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
45
Statistical Significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
46
Generalization of Results
ability to generalize results to the entire population. It means that the findings derived from a sample can be extrapolated to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions for improvement based on numerical data analysis.
47
Descriptive Statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.
48
Inferential Statistics
numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
49
Central Tendency
mean, median, mode
50
Normal Curve
the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
51
52
Skewed Distribution
an asymmetrical but generally bell-shaped distribution (of opinions); its mode, or most frequent response, lies off to one side
53
Bimodal Distribution
a distribution with two modes
54
Regression Toward the Mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.
55
Scatter Plot
A graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data.
56
Histogram
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
57
Standard Deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
58
Reliability
consistency of measurement
59
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
60
Milgram's Study
wanted to study the influence of direct commands on behavior; administering the shock
61
Ethical Guidelines
confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, deception must be warranted

AP Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions