Unit 1️⃣ Part 2️⃣ Flashcards
(13 cards)
Which is the classification of data sources in personality?
- Self-report data (S data);
- Observer-report data (O data);
- Test data (T data);
- Life-Outcome data (L data)
- Self-report data
People have access to info about themselves (more than anyone else) emotions, feeling, behaviours, states….
S data can be STRUCTURED, where individuals are asked specific questions with pre-determined response choices (true/false).
Or S data can be UNSTRUCTURED, where individuals are asked to provide more open-ended responses.
A problem in Self-report is honesty bc there is a risk that participants may not always provide truthful answers.
- Observer-report data
O Data is when someone else observes a person and gives information about their behavior, personality, or how they interact with others.
It gives us information that the person might not know or might not say, like how others see them or how they act in different situations.
To get a clearer picture, it’s helpful to have multiple people observe the person. If different observers agree, we can be more confident that the information is accurate. This is called inter-rater reliability.
Who observes? Professionals, close people..
Where is it observed? Natural, artificial context..
- Test data
Test-data refers to the use of Standardized test which is placing participants in a specific, standardized situation to assess their behaviour.
But using standardized test has its limitations:
- Reactivity where participants try to alter their response if they detect or interpret the trait being evaluated.
- Comprehension as the researcher and participants may not always understand the situation in the same way.
- Influence O generation of biases by the researcher.
Despite this limitation T data can be useful in provoke behaviours that are difficult to observe in daily life, by controlling the context and eliminate strange variables researcher are able to test specific hypotheses and gather valuable data.
How can T data be collected?
Test data can be collected through manichal recording devices, such as activity meters or clocks, electronic and internet based recording devices, physiological data like fMRI dat, and even projective techniques where participants project their personality stimuli.
All f this methods provide valuable info into behaviour and can help researchers better understand and assess certain traits or characteristics.
- Life-Outcome data
L data refers to information on events, activities in a person life available for the general public to observe or track.
Things like marriage, divorce, fines, imprisonment and other significant life events.
Researchers often use info from S data and O data to predict their future life outcomes.
Issues in personality assessment
Relationship between different data sources can vary depending on the specific trait or behaviour being measured.
Is a person qualifies as a psychopath, his environment will see him psychopathic while a psychological experiment may also reveal psychopathic traits.
However the agreement between these different sources of data may not always be very high as there can be differences in how the trait is observed.
There are different points of view when looking at the relationship between different data such as:
- Alternative measures of the same construct (We can think about measurement errors)
- Measurements of different phenomena (e.g., dominance at home, dominance at work, self-perceived dominance…)
Reliability of personality measurement:
We know that our measure is not going to be perfect so the solution is: triangulation
Triangulation which is looking at an info from multiple sources to get a better understanding of a certain trait or behaviour. By looking at different prospective, researcher can get a more accurate picture of how different data sources relate to the trait or behaviour being measured.
Reliability
Refears to the consistency and stability of a measurement or test over time. In the context of intelligence tests, a reliable test is one that consistently measures intelligence accurately.
Which are the different methods used to assess reliability of an intelligence test?
- Test-Retest Reliability: which involves administrating the Sam test to the same individuals on 2 separate occasions and assessing the consistency of their scores.
- Internal Consistency Reliability: measures the degree to which items on a test are related to each other and can provide an estimate of how well the test is measuring a single construct.
- Inter-Rater Reliability: is used for measures that involves more than one observer, such as in the case of rating scales or observational assessments.
Factors affecting reliability:
Response biases such as non-content responding so answer about something unrelated to the content of the item.
- Acquiesence
- Extreme Responses
Validity
The purpose of validity is: Establishing whether a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is a complex and challenging task.
- Content Validity: Which look weather the items on the test are representative of the construct being measure;
- Predictive or criterial validity: examines whether the test can accurately predict future outcomes;
- Construct validity: Asses whether the test measures the intended construct in a broad sense;
- Convergent validity;
- Discriminant/ divergent validity;
-Apparent validity: does is seem to measure what is measures?
Generalizability
Generalizability means how well the results of a study can be applied to other people or situations. It helps us understand if the findings of a study can be trusted and applied beyond the specific group or context that was studies.
This is important for making sure that research outcomes can be useful for a wider range of people or circumstances.
