Unit 1 Parts 3 Flashcards
Theories of Development
1
Q
What are the Main Theories of Development?
A
- Psychoanalytic
- Cognitive
- Behavioral and Social Cognitive
- Ecological
- Ethological
2
Q
This focuses primarily on the unconscious and is heavily colored by emotion
A
Psychoanalytic Theories
3
Q
What are the theories of development under Psychoanalytic?
A
- Psychosexual Stages
- Psychosocial Stages
4
Q
This refers to the pleasurable parts of the body
A
Erogenous Zone
5
Q
Who is the theorist of Psychosexual Stages?
A
Sigmund Freud
6
Q
This focuses on the psychological and sexual aspect of the human being
A
Psychosexual Stages
7
Q
What are the stages under Psychosexual Stages?
A
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
8
Q
What is the erogenous zone during oral stage?
A
Mouth & lip
9
Q
Age Range of Oral Stage
A
Birth - 1.5 years
10
Q
We are rooted in this stage
A
Oral Stage
10
Q
The zone of gratification during anal stage
A
Anal Region
10
Q
What is our fixation during the Oral Stage?
A
Anything that satisfies the mouth
10
Q
This is an important activity during the Anal Stage
A
Toilet Training
10
Q
He was convinced that our problems are the result of our early life experiences
A
Sigmund Freud
11
Q
During this stage, child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
A
Anal Stage
12
Q
During this stage, the compulsion of organizing (obsessive compulsiveness) is rooted here
A
Anal Stage
13
Q
Age Range of Anal Stage
A
1.5 - 3 years
14
Q
During this stage, the child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
A
Phallic Stage
15
Q
During this stage, the child becomes attached to the parent of the other sex, and later identifies with the parent of the same sex
A
Phallic Stage
16
Q
Zone of gratification during Phallic Stage
A
Genitalia Region
17
Q
Age Range of Phallic Stage
A
3 to 6 years
18
Q
During this stage, the sexual drive is repressed
A
Latency Stage
19
Q
During this stage, the child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
A
Latency Stage
20
Q
During this stage, the child focuses on asexual pursuits, such as school, athletics, and/or same-sex friendships
A
Latency Stage
21
This stage is a time of sexual reawakening
Genital Stage
22
Age Range for Latency Stage
6 years to puberty
23
The zone of gratification during Genital Stage
Genitalia Region
24
Age Range for Genital Stage
Puberty onwards
25
During this stage, heterosexual relationships are formed
Genital Stage
26
Who developed the Psychosocial Stages of Development?
Erik Erikson
27
The notion that children develop through stages that "build on one another.
Epigenetic Principle
28
According to this theory, we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities
Psychosocial Stages
28
Turning point / opportunity
Crisis
29
First Psychosocial stage
Trust vs Mistrust
30
What are the virtues during the first stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Hope and Optimism
31
What are the vices during the first stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
- Suspicion
- Fear
- Lacks self-confidence
32
Age Range of Trust vs Mistrust
1 year
33
During this stage, child starts to encounter rules
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
34
supportive parents
self control
35
overprotective parents
shame & doubt
36
What are the virtues during the second stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Will
37
What are the vices during the second stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Fear & Suspicion
38
Age Range of Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
1 to 3 years
39
During this stage, children have the freedom to explore the outside world
Initiative vs Guilt
40
Third Psychosocial Stage
Initiative vs Guilt
41
During this stage, children develop sense of purpose and direction; if not, becomes PASSIVE with the world
Initiative vs Guilt
42
What are the virtues during the third stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Purpose
43
What are the vices during the third stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Carefree
44
Age Range of Initiative vs Guilt
3 - 5 years
45
World of knowledge & work
Industry vs Inferiority
46
What are the virtues during the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Mastery
47
What are the vices during the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Inadequacy
48
During this stage, children need to develop their social skills and are thirsty for knowledge
Industry vs Inferiority
49
Age Range of Industry vs Inferiority
6 years to Puberty
50
During this stage, discover one's own uniqueness
Identity vs Identity Confusion
51
Age Range of Identity vs Identity Confusion
10 - 20 years
52
Individual has explored identity options and committed to identity
Identity Achievement
53
Individual has explored identity options but has not committed to identity
Moratorium
54
Individual has not explored identity options but has committed to identity
Foreclosure
55
Individual has not explored identity options and has not committed to identity
no plan in life; stagnant
Identity Diffusion
56
What are the virtues during the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Mutual devotion & Commitment
57
What are the vices during the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Withdrawal & Fear of Commitments
58
During this stage, people start making friends and creating close heterosexual relationships
Intimacy vs Isolation
59
Age Range for Intimacy vs Isolation
20s - 30s
60
During this stage, people reassess the choices they have made in their lives
Generativity vs Stagnation
61
Reassessment of choices made in one's life
Midlife crisis
62
During this stage, people may choose to mentor the younger generation
Generativity vs Stagnation
63
What is the virtue during the fifth stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Fidelity
64
What are the vices during the seventh stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Insensitivity
65
Sixth Psychosocial Stage
Intimacy vs Isolation
65
Fulfillment vs Regret
Integrity vs Despair
66
Seventh Psychosocial Stage
Generativity vs Stagnation
67
What are the virtues during the seventh stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Care
67
Eighth and last psychosocial stage
Integrity vs Despair
67
Age Range of Integrity vs Despair
60s onwards
68
When you had a happy life
Fulfillment
68
Age Range of Generativity vs Stagnation
40s - 50s
68
What is the virtue during the eighth stage of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development?
Wisdom
69
When you have many issues that you were not able to settle
Regret
70
What are the three Cognitive Theories and who are their proponents?
1. Cognitive Developmental Theory (Jean Piaget)
2. Sociocultural Cognitive Theory (Lev Vygotsky)
3. Information Processing Theory (Rober Siegler)
70
What are the two Psychoanalytic Theories and who are their proponents?
1. Psychosexual Stages (Sigmund Freud)
2. Psychosocial Stages (Erik Erikson)
70
What is the key feature during Preoperational stage?
Egocentrism
70
What are the four stages of development?
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational
70
1. Begins to make use of imitation, memory & thought
2. Begins to recognize that object do not cease to exist when they are hidden
3. Moves from reflex actions to goal-directed activity
Sensorimotor
70
What are the cognitive processes?
Organization and Adaptation
70
Age Range of Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2 yrs
70
1. Gradually develops use of language & ability to think in symbolic form.
2. Able to think operations through logically in one direction
3. Has difficulties seeing another person’s point of view
Preoperational
71
This theory is about how we organize our thoughts and adapt when situations get challenging
Cognitive Development Theory
71
Age Range of Preoperational
2 - 7 years
71
What is the key feature during the sensorimotor stage?
Object Permanence
71
1. Able to solve concrete (hands-on) problems in logical fashion
2. Understands laws of conservation and is able to classify and seriate.
3. Understands reversibility
Concrete Operational
72
What are the key feature of Concrete Operational?
Conservation
73
Age Range of Concrete Operational Stage
7 - 11 years
74
1. Able to solve abstract problems in logical fashion
2. Becomes more scientific in thinking
3. Develops concerns about social issues and identity.
Formal Operational
75
What are the four concepts of Vygotsky?
- Scaffolding
- Private speech
- Co-constructed Process
- Cultural tools
75
Learning support; asking help from others (e.g. teachers)
Scaffolding
75
Who is the proponent of Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
Lev Vygotsky
75
Who is the proponent of Cognitive Development Theory?
Jean Piaget
76
This theory states that children acquire their culture's values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members in society
Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
76
What is the key feature of Formal Operational?
Manipulation of ideas
77
Age Range of Formal Operational
11 years to adulthood
78
social process; group study
Co-constructed process
78
Self-talk
Private speech
79
Real tools and symbols; you display a tool when teaching
Cultural tools
80
Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence
Assisted Learning
81
A range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more skilled students
Zone of Proximal Development
82
Level of additional responsibility a child can accept with assistance of an able instructor.
Upper Limit
83
Level of problem-solving reached on these tasks by the child working alone; can study alone (self-study)
Lower Limit
84
Who is the proponent of Information Processing Theory?
Robert Siegler
85
According to Siegler, this is like a system that processes information based on a set of logical rules and limitations similar to a computer program
Human mind
86
According to this theory, the mind operates as a whole system
Information Processing Theory
87
What are the two Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories and who are their proponents?
1. Operant Conditioning (Burrhus Frederick Skinner)
2. `Social Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura)
88
Who is the proponent of Operant Conditioning?
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
89
According to this theory, the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurence
Operant Conditioning
90
This increases the likelihood of behavior
Reward
91
This decreases the likelihood of behavior
Punishment
92
Who is the proponent of Social Cognitive Theory?
Albert Bandura
93
According to this theory, we learn through observing other people
Social Cognitive Theory
94
Who is the proponent of Ecological Theory?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
95
This is the setting in which the individual lives (family, peers, school, neighborhood)
Microsystem
96
This system involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts
Mesosystem
96
In this system, most direct interactions with social agents take place
Microsystem
96
This system consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate conext
Exosystem
97
This consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances
Chronosystem
97
What are the two Ethological Theories and who are their proponents?
1. Ethological Theory of Attachment (John Bowlby)
2. Ethological Theory (Konrad Lorenz)
97
This system involves the culture in which individuals live
Macrosystem
98
This theory stressed the importance of human attachment during the first year of life
Ethological Theory of Attachment
99
Who is the proponent of Ethological Theory of Attachment?
John Bowlby
100
According to this theory, behavior is strongly influenced by biology
Ethological Theory
100
According to this theory, behavior is tied to evolution
Ethological Theory
101
According to this theory, behavior is characterized by critical or sensitive periods and emphasized in environmental contexts
Ethological Theory
101
Who is the proponent of Ethological Theory?
Konrad Lorenz
