Unit 1 Patients Flashcards
Fundamentals of Pharmacy Practice
Disease
medical term for a disorder, illness or condition that prevents an individual from achieving the full functioning of all his or her bodily parts.
Health
the state of complete mental and physical well-being of an individual, not merely the absence of disease or illness.
Ill health
a state of poor health when there is
some disease or impairment, but not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.
Illness
a disease or period of sickness that affects an individual’s body or mind and prevents the individual from achieving his or her optimal outputs.
Well-being
positive feeling that accompanies a lack of ill health and illness, and is associated with the achievement of personal goals and a sense of being well and feeling good.
What should a HCP include as part of their consultation
Bring together clinical evidence, patient values and professional experience
View of health is characterized as
- biomedical
- reductionist
- mechanistic
- allopathic
- pathogenic
How do doctors and HC workers contribute to ill health and create 3 types of harm
Clinical harm- Medical intervention- side effects caused by prescribed meds, dependence and cross infection.
Social harm- Loss of coping- right to self-care lost from medicalisation
Cultural harm- Loss of means whereby people cope w pain- results in unrealistic expectation generated by medicine.
Blaxters 5 common concepts of health
- Health is not being ill but the absence of symptoms/medical input
- Health is physical fitness, having energy and strength (men)
- Health as social relationships (women)
- Health is ability to carry out tasks and activity (older people)
- Health is psychological wellbeing (higher socioeconomic groups)
What does the concern around professional and public concept of health revolve around
- Percieved lack of communication between HCW and client
- Client lack of compliance w treatment regime
Seedhouse sees health as
- A set of conditions – which allows our potential to be reached,
- An end itself – in which to exist is to be healthy,
- Fitness to do daily work,
- A personal quality – like attractiveness or intelligence, or
- As goods or a service – to be bought and sold.
non-modifiable factors for a patient
factors out of his control
e.g. age, gender and family history
modifiable factors for a patient
he directly influences himself through health behavioural choices
e.g. whether he chooses to smoke, drink alcohol, the quality of his diet, the amount of exercise
Three types of health inequalities
- Inequalities in determinants of health (education, employment, housing)
- Inequalities in health outcomes (6 year difference in life expectancies across boroughs in London)
- Inequalities in access to healthcare
What are the main determinants of health according to Dahlgren and Whitehead
- Age, sex, hereditary factors
- Individual lifestyle factors
- Social and community networks
- Living and working conditions
- General socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors
What infectious diseases are associated with lack of income?
Diarrhoeal illness and malaria- lack of access to clean water, food, and medical services
What does the biological explanation suggest about women and health?
Suggests women are more resistant to infection and benefit from the protective effect of oestrogen.
How many people from an ethnic minority group is diagnosed as diabetic?
1 in 18
UK Health Security Agent
is responsible for protecting every member of every community from the impact of infectious diseases, incidents and other health threats.
provide intellectual, scientific and operational leadership at national and local level, as well as on the global stage, to make the nation’s health secure.
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
focuses on improving the nation’s health so that everyone can expect to live more of life in good health, and on levelling up health disparities to break the link between background and prospects for a healthy life.
Role of local authorities in implementing public health policy
responsible for commissioning and collaborating on a range of public health services and for advising the commissioners of local NHS services
Current priorities for Health Improvement and Disparities
- identify and address health disparities
- take action on the biggest preventable risk factors for ill health and premature death
- work with the NHS and local government to improve access to the services which detect and act on health risks as early as possible
- develop strong partnerships across government, communities, industry and employers, to act on the wider factors that contribute to people’s health
What is OHID responsible for?
- Getting evidence to deliver services around weight, diet, exercise, smoking, addiction, health of vulnerable groups
- Leading policy development, supporting delivery of prevention services, helping individuals understand and manage their health
- Building scientific evidence on public mental health
What are the 7 conditions pharmacists can provide advice and NHS-funded treatment for as part of Pharmacy First?
sinusitis
sore throat
acute otitis media
infected insect bite
impetigo
shingles
uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women.
Hypertension Case Finding
Identify people aged 40 years or older, or people under the age of 40, with high blood pressure (who have previously not had a confirmed diagnosis of hypertension), and to refer them to GP to confirm diagnosis and for appropriate management
At the request of a GP, undertake blood pressure measurements.
Provide another opportunity to promote healthy behaviours to patients.
New Medicine Service
provides support to people who are newly prescribed a medicine to manage a long-term condition, which will generally help them to appropriately improve their medication adherence and enhance self-management of the LTC
3 stages of New Medicine Service
patient engagement;
intervention; and
follow up.
Essential services in community pharmacy
Discharge medicines service
Dispensing medicines
Disposal of unwanted medicines
Healthy living pharmacy
Public Health promotion
Repeat dispensing
Advanced services in community pharmacy
Pharmacy first
Flu vaccinations
Pharmacy contraceptive service
Hypertension case finding service
New medicine service
Smoking cessation service
