Unit 1- Proteins

Question 1

Define allosteric enzymes

Answer 1

Enzymes that can change confirmation in response to a modulator

Question 2

Define a alpha helix

Answer 2

Is a polypeptide chain coiled into a helix with hydrogen bonding occurring to maintain the arrangement

Question 3

Define alternative RNA splicing

Answer 3

The removal of non-coding entrance from a primary mRNA transcript to leave only coding exons several mature transcripts can be produced from a single primary transcript

Question 4

Define beta pleated sheet

Answer 4

A polypeptide chain arranged in rows with a chain folding parallel or antiparallel

Question 5

Define confirmation

Answer 5

Structural arrangement of polypeptide chains within a protein it can be altered by factors such as pH on the binding of ligands and modulators

Question 6

Define cooperativity

Answer 6

Changes in finding of a target molecule to one subunit of a multi unit polypeptide changes the affinity of the other subunits for the target molecule

Question 7

Define disulphide Bridge

Answer 7

A strong covalent bond that stabilises the tertairy and quaternary structures of many proteins

Question 8

Define and endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

A network of membrane tubules within a cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell continuous with a nuclear membrane

Question 9

Define an exon

Answer 9

A section of RNA that is usually retain the during splicing

Question 10

Define a glycoproteins

Answer 10

A protein with a carbohydrate added by post-translational modification

Question 11

Define a golgi apparatus

Answer 11

A series of flat and desks that package proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination

Question 12

Define hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

Attraction is between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a larger items such as oxygen or nitrogen

Question 13

Define hydrolylases

Answer 13

A class of enzymes that use water to break chemical bonds

Question 14

Define an intron

Answer 14

A section of RNA usually removed during splicing

Question 15

Define an ionic bond

Answer 15

A type of chemical bond that involves an electrostatic attraction between opposite charged ions

Question 16

Define a ligand

Answer 16

A substance that combined to a protein the protein has a shape complimentary to the leg and allowing it to bind

Question 17

Define London dispersion forces

Answer 17

A temporary week attraction between atoms in molecules

Question 18

Define a lysosome

Answer 18

A modified golgi vesicles containing hydrolitic enzymes

Question 19

Define modulators

Answer 19

The spine to the secondary say on the enzyme to alter its confirmation positive modulators activate enzymes negative modulators deactivate them

Question 20

Define a monomer

Answer 20

A molecule that combined chemically to other monomers to form a polymer

Question 21

Define non-coding RNA gene

Answer 21

A gene codes for RNA other than mRNA so do not encode protein

Question 22

Define a phospholipid

Answer 22

Component of cell membranes

Question 23

Define a polymer

Answer 23

Micro molecule composed of many repeat subunits

Question 24

Define post-translational modification

Answer 24

Addition of different chemical groups to or modification of a protein to allow a particular gene function

Question 25

Define a prosthetic group

Answer 25

A non-protein unit tightly bound to a protein are necessary for its function

Question 26

Define protein kinesis

Answer 26

Catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule usually ATP to an exceptor

Question 27

Define protein phosphatases

Answer 27

An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate

Question 28

Define protein structure

Answer 28

different levels of arrangement of polypeptides within a protein

Question 29

Define primary structure

Answer 29

Sequence in which amino acids are found within a protein

Question 30

Define secondary structure

Answer 30

Hydrogen bonding occurring within a polypeptide forming alpha helix’s or beta pleated sheets

Question 31

Define tertiary structure

Answer 31

Bonding of many types occurring between R groups of amino acids within a protein

Question 32

Define Quaternary structure

Answer 32

The arrangement of multiple folded polypeptides connected together

Question 33

Define proteolytic cleavage

Answer 33

A major form of post-translational modification it occurs when proteins Cleves one or more bonds in a target protein to activate inhibit or destroy the proteins activity

Question 34

Define a proteome

Answer 34

The entire set of proteins expressed by Gino it is much larger than the Ginome

Question 35

Define R group

Answer 35

Side groups that allow different bonding between amino acids and give them their wide range of functions

Question 36

Define basic R group

Answer 36

Contains and I’m in functional group and produces a basic solution because the extra admin group is not neutralised by the acidic group

Question 37

Define acid R group

Answer 37

Contains an acidic function Algroup and produces an acidic solution because the extra acidic group is not neutralised by that I mean group

Question 38

Define polar R group

Answer 38

Group that prefers to exist in a watery environment

Question 39

Define hydrophobic R group

Answer 39

Composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen is and tend to be repelled from water

Question 40

Define a rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 40

And organelle made up of membranes with ribosomes attached

Question 41

Define a signal sequence

Answer 41

A short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines its eventual location in the cell

Question 42

What are the roles of kinases and phosphotases

Answer 42

Kinases transmit signals to regulate processes they add a negative charge to the protein which can disrupt the ionic interactions Phosphatases remove phosphate groups and remove the charge from the protein

Question 43

What is the proteome

Answer 43

Protein is the entire set of proteins that can be expressed to form a gene

Question 44

Why is the protium larger than the Genome 

Answer 44

The pro tube is larger due to its alternative RNA splicing

Question 45

Name the four amino acid R group categories

Answer 45

 Basic  acidic  polar Hydrophobic

Question 46

Describe primary protein structure

Answer 46

Primary structure is the sequence in which amino acid are synthesise into a polypeptide Joined by peptide bonds

Question 47

Describe a secondary protein structure

Answer 47

Hydrogen bonding on the backbone of the protein Strand results in big games of the secondary structure Alpha helix a spiral within R group sticking out Beta pleated sheet and antiparallel also can be parallel Turns which is polypeptides turn back on themselves Joined by hydrogen bonds

Question 48

Describe the tertiary protein structure

Answer 48

There are regions of secondary structure is stabilised by interactions between different R groups which eachother after folding  Altogether by hydrophobic hydrophilic London dispersion forces hydrogen bonds ionic bonds and Disulphide bridges

Question 49

Describe quanternary structure

Answer 49

Polypeptide has folded into a taxi structure it will join more polypeptides Held together by hydrogen bonds are in London dispersion forces

Question 50

Describe the conditions which would lower affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

Answer 50

Changes in binding of oxygen at one subject when it’s released from a subunit Temperature and pH

Question 51

 describe the translation of cytosolic proteins and secrete proteins

Answer 51

Synthesis of all protein starts on the cytosolic ribosome the synthesis of the cytosolic proteins is incomplete and the cytosolic ribosomes proteins are released into the size of a move to the rear polypeptide into cinnamon of the rear and post transitional modification begins and go Jefferis protein is packaged into musicals physicals merge proteins

Question 52

Location and forms of post transitional notification

Answer 52

``` Can occur on amino acid sidechains or at the proteins C or N-terminal Phosphorylation Glycolisation in the golgi body Cleveage  ```