Unit 1 Religion Test Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
teleological thinking
A
seeking to understand the ultimate goal, purpose, or end to something
2
Q
teleological
A
having to do w the design/purpose of something
- a house is made to live in
- what of the end to which human beings aspire?
3
Q
empiricism
A
knowledge comes from experience, or form of evidence that can be perceived by the senses
4
Q
subjective
A
persons own perception and understanding, arising from own mind, feelings, experiences, perceptions
5
Q
aristotle is what kind of ethics
A
teleological ethics
6
Q
objective
A
independent of individual thought, not influenced based on personal experiences (based on hard, factual, universal evidence)
7
Q
immanuel kant
A
- his theory of Practical Reason says that humans act not only on impulse, but also out of conscience choice based on principles
- looking towards what we ought to do
- more focused on the individual and personal good will as duty
- what we ought to do do, what we shall do, not what we want to do
- ethical principles could be applied to everyone as a universal law
8
Q
difference between ethics and morality
A
- morals are more like internally choosing to attain good and following laws as we feel duty or obligation
- ethics guides morality, it’s like a standard of good and bad, identifying what is right or wrong
9
Q
aristotle
A
- student of plato
- teacher to alexander the great
- less concerned about individual person and more concerned about the community
- happiness is the condition of a person who succeeds in living/acting well
- aims toward what we are intended to be, our ultimate goal
- must be moderate in all things
- we develop our character
- our mind must control our desires
10
Q
emmanuel levinas
A
- believed central question is where is the good
- each thing or person is a unique expression of God
- its good to be different
- the good is related to what makes us different from one another
- all things and people carry a trace of of the infinite God within them
- the face of another calls us to respond, especially the eyes (assist/help them)
- goodness translates to a personality responsibility for the other
- true goodness knows no limits
11
Q
what kind of ethics is kant
A
deontological ethics
12
Q
Personal Response (ethical experience)
A
The Scream
-an appeal, a call for help
- almost automatic
- immediate inner tension to respond
13
Q
what are the 4 ethical experiences
A
1 - personal response (the scream)
2 - responsibility for the other (the beggar)
3 - duty (I have to)
4 - contrast (this is not fair)
14
Q
Responsibility for the Other - The Beggar
(ethical experience)
A
- affected by the needs of others and cant accept position of neutrality
- emmanuel levinas
- the human face of someone in need
- face to face experience
- in levinas’ language the others face holds you hostage and makes you responsible
15
Q
Duty - I have to… The Experience of Obligation
(ethical experience)
A
- urged to act responsibly from what you’ve been taught and by rules of your community
- feeling obligated to obey a rule has everything to do with your ethical side
- invades your consciousness and demands a response
- Kant worked out ethical theory for this experience of duty
16
Q
Contrast - The Experience of Contrast - This is not fair
(ethical experience)
A
- faced with cruelty
- produces psychological shock and disgust
- you have built in capacity for knowing what the world ought to look like
- when confronted with violence you naturally recoil from it
- shocked because the terrible events contrast with with what you expect from fellow humans
17
Q
agent
A
one who acts, who has the capacity to initiate a course of events
18
Q
mitigate
A
make less severe
19
Q
predestination
A
the view that my behaviour is predetermined, whether by God or by other causes
20
Q
aggravate
A
make worse
21
Q
conceptual framework of action
A
agent, intention, motivation, action, circumstances, outcome
22
Q
MOTIVATION - conceptual framework of action
A
- reason for action
- you don’t always make good judgment
- you justify your action, appealing to a value that makes it right
23
Q
AGENT - conceptual framework of action
A
person who makes things happen
- free choice
24
Q
INTENTION - conceptual framework of action
A
- end in view or desired result
- what commitments are made?
- your actions shape you good or bad
25
CIRCUMSTANCES - conceptual framework of action
- under what circumstances?
- what factors is the agent juggling
- the circumstances affect how much the action is yours
- may increase or decrease your responsibility
26
OUTCOME - conceptual framework of action
- who is responsible for the positive or negative
- outcome of action intended or not affects the self for good or bad
- ex you drunk drive and crash
27
what are the 3 arguments against human freedom
naturalism, religious determinism, social determinism
28
ACTION - conceptual framework of action
- how is the action done
- is harm done so that good can be accomplished
- how you carry it out says something about you
- mitigate or aggravate
29
naturalism
- first coined by G.E Moore
- roots back to David Hume
- understands the material universe as a unified system
- everything is shaped by physical, biological, psychological, social, and environmental processes
- humans are no more than part of the material universe
- everything must be explained by scientific experimentation
- your promises/commitments dont come from motives or intentions, they come from genetic predisposition
- freedom is a delusion
- feelings/attachment are neutral
30
Religious Determinism
- freedom is an illusion bc actions arent free
- actions are nothing more than the result of brain processes
- predestination
- God has predetermined the course of the world and individual's actions
- catholic tradition has struggled to believe in human freedom because of God's providence
31
Social Determinism
- behaviour influenced by others upon you
- parents, culture, mental state
- any traumatic experiences you have had
- actions can be explained by what you have gone through at the hands of others therefore not free
32
autonomy
free self direction; responsibility
33
moral stance
moral directions, what you stand for
34
character
the way your actions overtime tend to become fixed in your body
35
narcissism
disorder marked by self absorption to the exclusion of others
36
trinity
central mystery of the christian faith and of christian life
- god makes it known to us by revealing himself as the father, the son, and the holy spirit
37
6 aspects of human person
importance of others, importance of having direction in life, importance of communication and language, importance of character and one's body, importance of conscience,
development of one's conscience
38
importance of others
(aspect of human person)
- healthy balance between love for oneself and others
- are you responsible for your siblings/why should you care for them
- we need one another to survive
- can you be free and unique while bearing responsibility for others
39
importance of having direction in life
(aspect of human person)
- being committed to particular values
- knowing where you stand with great issues in life
- identity lies in moral values
- critical that you stand for something
40
importance of communication & language
(aspect of human person)
- part of a community that shares a common language
- what you value and aspire to be was first made known to you by others
- living in a culture and adopting communication styles shapes your identity
- common language empowers us symbolically
41
the importance of character and one's body
(aspect of human person)
- you do things with your body
- through your body all human traits become possible
- we express our traits and qualities through the human body
- moral and ethical decision shape who we are
42
importance of conscience
(aspect of human person)
- law written in human hearts
- should not confuse conscience with superego
- when we do things because we feel like we have to thats the superego
-when we do things because we want to thats our conscience
- does not lay feelings of guilt upon us
43
development of one's conscience
(aspect of human person)
- as you mature
- follow values and virtues of christian life
- one's conscience can be malformed through immoral acts, faulty reasoning, faulty value, and misinformation from others
44
symptoms of malformed conscience
- rationalization
- trivialization (its no big deal)
- misinformation
- the end justifies the means (i had no choice or else)
- means to an end (itll be better in the long run)
- difficult to reason (i should have thought abt it first maybe there was another way)
45
3 senses of conscience
1 - as the ability to recognize right from wrong (general awareness is what makes us human)
2 - as an active process of moral reasoning (learning the facts and what moral values are informing ourselves from reliable sources)
3 - as a judgment (making a final decision and committing to do whats right)
46
how to build character
- repeat actions you create habits
- choices you make day after day are a product of what you believe in
- others will identify you as kind, helpful, stubborn etc.
- we develop good habits called virtues and bad habits called vices
47
well formed conscience
formed by using scripture, community, church
- entails recognizing one's guilt from past wrongdoings and what has been taught by it
48
wrongly formed conscience
formed on mistaken info
- fauls rumours, misinformation
49
lax conscience
- not being concerned whether the action is right or wrong or is impacting negatively
50
legalistic conscience
obeying rules perfectly, following law rather than spirit of law
- ex you go to school when youre sick
51
warranted guilt
when we know an act is wrong but we do it anyway and recognize what we did was wrong
52
unwarranted guilt
no real justifiable reason to feel guilty
occurs when you have wrongly formed conscience
53
too little guilt
becoming accustomed to sin and therefore feeling immune to wrongdoing
occurs when you have lax conscience
54
excessive guilt
guilt out of proportion to the severity of the wrongdoing
occurs when legalistic conscience
55
character cycle
choices conscience actions
habits
good bad virtues vices
character
