Unit 1 Review Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What was the Boston Massacre?
A
The Boston Massacre was an outbreak of violence in 1770 between colonists and British soldiers. In the confusion, shots were fired and five colonists were killed.
2
Q
When did the Boston Massacre happen? (Year)
A
1770
3
Q
What was the significance of the Boston Massacre?
A
This event turned more colonists against the British.
4
Q
What was the Boston Tea Party?
A
Colonists dressed up as Native Americans and threw tea into the ocean. This happened on one of the British East India Company ship.
5
Q
When did the Boston Tea Party happen?
A
1773
6
Q
What was the Boston Tea Party in response to?
A
The Tea Act, which gave the British East India Company benefits to importing their goods to the colonies.
7
Q
What is a boycott?
A
Peaceful protest
8
Q
Why were the Coercive Acts passed?
A
They were passed in response to the Boston tea party.
9
Q
What was the nickname of the Coercive Acts?
A
The Intolerable Acts
10
Q
What we’re the acts passed in the Coercive Acts?
A
- Boston Port Act
- Massachusetts Government Act
- Administration of Justice Act
- Quartering Act
- Quebec Act
11
Q
What was the Committees of Correspondence?
A
Samual Adams persuaded the Boston Town Meeting to from the Boston Committee of correspondence.
12
Q
When were the coercive acts passed?
A
1774
13
Q
When was the Committee of Correspondence formed?
A
1772
14
Q
What did the Committee of Correspondence do?
A
That committee sent letters to towns throughout the colony, spreading news of the Townshend Acts and encouraging them to set up their own committees.
15
Q
What did the Currency Act do?
A
Required the colonists to use gold and silver to conduct foreign trade and pay public and private debts.
16
Q
Why did colonists dislike the currency act?
A
Gold and silver were in short supply in the colonies. The currency act hurt colonists who couldn’t afford to trade in coins and made it tough for colonial assemblies to pay debts to Britain.
17
Q
When was the currency act and the sugar act passed?
A
1764
18
Q
Why did the British pass the sugar and currency act?
A
The seven year’s war made British’s national debt double, and the country had ongoing expenses–like keeping military presence in North America.
19
Q
What did the Daughters of Liberty do?
A
The daughter of Liberty (organized by colonial woman) a counterpart to the sons of Liberty dedicated to nonviolent means of protest.
20
Q
What is an example of what did the Daughters of Liberty did?
A
They launched a boycott refusing to buy British goods. They made tea themselves and sold it to their other colonists instead of British merchants.
21
Q
What were the Declaratory Acts?
A
The Declaratory Act, which stated the Parliament had “full power a authority to make laws” for Britain’s colonies.
22
Q
Why was the Declaratory Acts passed?
A
On March 18, 1766, Parliament voted to repeal the stamp act. However, British opponents of the repeal feared it would weaken parliamentary power over the colonies. So, that same day, parliament passed the Declaratory Act.
23
Q
Why was the stamp act repealed in 1766?
A
Because of the non-importation movement and well as colonial rage and discontent
24
Q
What is a duty?
A
Import tax
25
What is the non-importation movement?
Over time, the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty formed groups throughout the colonies. Their efforts drove the Non-Importation Movement to pressure Britain into repealing the Stamp Act by depriving them of trade. Merchants signed non-importation agreements, refusing to move British goods until the act had been repealed.
26
What was Pontiac's Rebellion?
In May 1763, the Pontiac's Rebellion began with Pontiac attacking Fort Detroit. They laid siege to British forts and skirmished with Britain soldiers and American colonists. Hindered of British soldiers died.
27
What was the purpose of Pontiac's Rebellion?
The Ottawa leader Pontiac allied Native American groups to get the British to leave their continent.
28
Why was the Proclamation line of 1763 made?
To keep peace with the Indians
29
How did colonists feel about the Proclamation Line of 1763?
They didn't like it, in fact Washington told the colonists to not take it seriously.
30
What is a propaganda?
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view
31
When was the Quartering Act passed?
1765
32
What was the Quartering Act?
Required colonists to house British troops in barracks, public houses, and uninhabited private buildings, like barns, and to provide them with food and other provisions.
33
What were the Sons of Liberty?
Brought together artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers to oppose the stamp act and later laws. They met in secret, like beneath an elm called the Liberty Trees. They printed pamphlets and broadsides protesting the laws. They published many articles, part of propaganda campaign to draw attention to the injustice of the stamp act. The sons of Liberty also sent communications between colonists, organized public protests, and carried out not-so-legal, even violent actions.
34
When was the stamp act passed?
1765
35
What did the stamp act do?
Required anyone who used or purchased anything on paper to buy a revenue stamp. It was a new kind of tax--direct tax on goods made and used in the colonies, must like Samuel Adams had feared. It also denied violators the right to a trial by jury.
36
When was the Stamp Act Congress formed?
October 1765
37
Why was the Stamp Act Congress formed?
In response to the stamp act.
38
What was the Stamp Act Congress?
In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York at what came to be called the Stamp Act Congress. They found common ground in opposing Britain's new laws and taxes. Together, they issued a document called Revolutions of the Stamp Act Congress.
39
What was the significance of the Revolutions of the Stamp Act Congress?
This petition was the first time the colonists had unified to respond to British policy.
- colonists are British citizens
- colonists are entitled to the same rights the subjects born in British have
- no taxes should be imposed without consent
- only the legislatures of the colonies can impose taxes on colonies
- trial by jury is every British subject's right
- the stamp act subverts the colonies right and liberties
- it is colonists' duty to ask for a repeal of the stamp act
40
What did the Sugar Act do?
Made ships and their cargo subject to search and seizure by British officials. It also established juryless courts with appointed judges to try those suspected of offense.
41
Why didn't colonists like the sugar act?
The sugar Act tightened enforcement of earlier laws that required foreign goods to go through British ports. It placed a duty on molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British sources for years, the colonists had skirted the rules through smuggling while British officials largely looked the other way. The sugar act changed that. It also took the power to decide colonists' guilt
42
When was the sugar act passed?
1764
43
What was the Tea Act?
The Tea Act gave the British East India Company the ability to export it tea directly to the colonies without paying import or export duties. The law made British tea less costly then smuggled tea and cut out colonial merchants who might otherwise sell the tea.
44
What did the tea act do to the Townshend acts?
The Tea Act of 1773 upheld the existing duty of the Townshend Acts. For years, the colonists had avoided that tax making their own teas and smuggling Dutch tea.
45
What did the Townshend acts consist of?
- restraining act
- revenue act
- indemnity act
- vice-admiralty court act
46
What happened at the battle of Bunker Hill?
The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought just outside of Boston during
the siege of Boston. The British defeated colonial forces, but were
surprised at how well the inexperienced militia fought against
them.
47
What happened at the Battle of Lexington and Concord?
General Gage knew that gunpowder was stored in Concord, Massachusetts, a town outside of Boston. In April 1775, he ordered troops to seize these supplies and arrest patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams.
Patriots, however, learned of the plan. Men from Boston, including prominent patriot Paul Revere, rode on horseback to nearby Lexington and alerted the local militia that British troops were coming. Both sides assembled their troops and weapons throughout the night. They met on the morning of April 19 on Lexington Green.
British Major John Pitcairn ordered his men to surround and disarm the militia. In the confusion, shots from an unknown rifle were fired. The British charged with their bayonets. Eight militiamen and one British soldier were killed.
The British next marched toward Concord. They were met by more militia at the North Bridge and suffered a stunning defeat. Soon, the British retreated to Boston. During the skirmishes, 73 British and 43 colonists were killed.
48
What was the significance of the Battle of Lexington and Concord?
These Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military clashes of the American Revolution. The confused first shot fired soon became known as the “shot heard round the world.”
49
What was Common Sense?
In Common Sense, Thomas Paine insulted the king and questioned Britain's right to rule over America. He also made the case for the following two radical ideas:
- republicanism
- popular sovereignty
50
What is republicanism?
a political philosophy were elected representatives, nat a monarchy, should govern
51
What is popular sovereignty?
a system where the citizens who decide issues based on majority rule.
52
What is the Declaration of Independence?
The document that officially stated the thirteen English colonies were free and independent nation.
53
What was the First Continental Congress?
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia with the task of deciding on an appropriate response to the Intolerable Acts. But this group had only limited so support; there will still strong connections between the colonists and Britain. At first, members of the Congress could not agree. Some argued for a conciliatory, or agreeable approach where the colonists and Britain would work out a new system in which power was shared. Others demanded complete separation from Britain.
54
Who was John Hancock?
the president of the Continental Congress and eventually a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
55
Who is John Locke?
John Locke contributed to the ideas of social contract and natural rights, which were central to the colonists' justification for independence.
56
What are loyalists?
Those who opposed independence from Britain. They were usually wealthy colonists with property. To them, Revolution meant mob rule, violence, and disorder.
57
What is militia?
Civilian armies
58
What were minutemen?
Local militias that were able to organize on short notice.
59
What are natural rights?
Locke believed the government's job was to protect three rights: life, liberty, and property. These rights were "natural" because they were present from birth and could not be taken away by anyone.
60
Who were patriots?
American colonists who opposed Britain rule
61
What was the social contract?
Locke argued that government was a "contract" between leaders and people. If the government did not adhere to the rules of the contract, the government could be changed.
62
Thomas Jefferson.
In summer 1776, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to officially cut ties with Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was chosen to articulate the case in a formal declaration. The ideas he conveyed were influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, chief among them a man named John Locke.
63
Who was Baron von Steuben?
Baron von Steuben was a Prussian officer who trained and
organized the Continental Army so they were more prepared fight
the British.
64
Describe the Battle of Long Island.
When the British lost their hold on Boston, they turned to New York—the largest and wealthiest American city. The British Navy already controlled New York Harbor when General Howe landed thousands of troops of Long Island in August 1776. The Battle of Long Island lasted a day. More than 1400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured. Britain was now in control of New York City at the end of October. From there, they swept south and waters across the countryside. By the end of 1776, the British controlled New York and New Jersey.
65
Describe the battle of Saratoga.
This battle was a major turning point in the war. The militia defeated the British by encircling them and the British surrendered a huge force of 5,000 troops. This victory convinced French and Spain that they were worth supporting. With howe's army lost to the Americans, Britain could not carry out its plan to divide the states.
Background:
Washington’s forces drove the British from New Jersey, but Britain held onto New York, which became a haven for loyalists. Then, that summer, the Continentals suffered a crushing loss to the British General John Burgoyne at Fort Ticonderoga in New York. In September and October, General Howe’s army won battles at Brandywine Creek and Germantown. This enabled the British to take Philadelphia, forcing the Continental Congress to flee.
General Howe’s decision to capture Philadelphia undermined the larger plan. With his troops occupied in Philadelphia, Howe couldn’t support other British armies led by General Clinton and General Burgoyne. Colonial militias trapped Burgoyne’s troops at Saratoga, New York.
66
Describe the battle of Trenton.
At the Battle of Trenton, Washington’s army defeated the Hessians in less than an hour. Though small, the victories renewed the patriots’ commitment to the war, emboldened U.S. forces, and inspired others to enlist.
67
Describe the battle of Yorktown.
It ended the war. Background: Yorktown was a tobacco port on a peninsula. It sat along the James River, which emptied into the Chesapeake Bay. A combined French and American force of 16,000 men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781. General Washington raced south from New York with his now-disciplined army. The Marquis de Lafayette and French General Comte de Rochambeau followed with their French troops.
Meanwhile, the French navy—led by François Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse—sent one force to block the British from entering the Chesapeake Bay and another into the bay to surround the port. The British navy couldn’t get to Cornwallis, and Cornwallis couldn’t get out. In October 1781, the American forces began the battle for Yorktown. They laid siege to the city for eight days. Vastly outnumbered, Lord Cornwallis surrendered on October 19.
68
What is a blockade?
Used troops or ships to cut off access to an enemy location
69
Who was Charles Cornwallis?
A gifted war strategist and former member of British Parliament, General Lord Charles Cornwallis was a successful lieutenant colonel during the Seven Years’ War in Europe. He was sent to the American colonies in 1776, and became commander of Britain’s southern army in the final battles of the Revolutionary War.
70
What was the Continental Army?
The colonists needed a larger and more organized fighting force so... On June 14, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army. The Continental Army comprised the land forces. It absorbed most of the militias serving around Boston and New York. It also enlisted additional soldiers.
71
Who is George Washington?
Virginia-born George Washington became one of the United States’ most famous military leaders. His reputation as a poised colonel during the French and Indian War propelled him to leadership during the American Revolution. He was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses and became the Continental Army’s first commander-in-chief.
72
What are hessians?
German forget in soldiers paid by Britain.
73
What is the definition of inoculate?
Vaccinated.
Relation to the war: Smallpox epidemics broke out in Boston, Philadelphia, Quebec, and other cities, and plagued the army throughout the war. The disease spread so rapidly among closely quartered, weary troops that Washington ordered every soldier be inoculated, or vaccinated. It was the first known mass military inoculation. He sent immune soldiers to occupy infected cities, and barred people from affected cities from approaching army encampments. Quarantines were used to reduce the spread of disease.
74
Who is John Jay?
Started peace negotiations in Paris and helped win the French and Spanish support for the United States, Jay proved instrumental in winning peace terms from Britain.
75
Who is Marquis de Lafayette?
Joined the Continental Army in 1777 and became a close advisor and friends to General Washington.
76
What is a mercenary?
A mercenary is a soldier who is paid to fight for another country.
77
Who is Nathanael Greene?
Born in Rhode Island, Nathanael Greene was an active revolutionist. He became a major general in 1776. He served briefly as quartermaster general before relieving Gates of command of the southern army. His strategy of mobility proved crucial to ending the Revolutionary War?
78
Who is Patrick Henry?
On March 23, 1775, in St. John's Church, Patrick Henry rose from his seat to address the displaced assembly. He called for the delegates to form a Virginia militia to defend the colony against what he considered a rising British threat. His impassioned speech helped unite colonists around a new patriotism and cause: independence.
Background:
In Virginia in 1774, the royal governor, Lord Dunmore, dissolved the House of Burgesses, Virginia’s colonial assembly. However, the burgesses, or delegates decided to keep on meeting in secret—away from the British loyalists.
79
What is the Treaty of Paris?
The treaty recognized the independence of the United States. Britain concluded separate treaties with Spain and France.
80
What was Valley Forge?
That winter, about 11,000 troops made camp at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 25 miles northwest of Philadelphia. A lack of supplies weakened the soldiers and their supporters, and disease took a heavy toll. Amid the cold, hunger, and sickness, soldiers deserted in droves. George Washington wrote the other states appealing for more food, clothing, tents and blankets, and medical supplies. His wife, Martha, came to help. She and other officers’ wives organized social events and tended the sick and wounded. Still, about 2,500 soldiers died of starvation, malnutrition, and disease. As many as 100 deserted every week.
81
Who is William Howe?
William Howe earned a solid military reputation while fighting in North America during the French and Indian War. Howe argued against the Intolerable Acts in Parliament, but ultimately commanded British forces from 1776 to 1778. As commander, he preferred maneuvering rather than actual battle—he was criticized for this.
82
What is abolition?
Abolition is putting an end to something. Many people in northern
states argued for the abolition of slavery.
83
What were the Confiscation Acts?
Gave the Revolutionary governments the ability to seize loyalists and property.
84
What was Dunmore's Proclamation?
(1775)
The policy promised freedom to enslaved people who fought for Great Britain. As a result, 20,000 men joined the British to fight the colonies. After the Revolution, some of the African American loyalists, moved to Sierra Leone, Canada, or England.
85
What is the definition of homespun?
To help address shortages in clothing due to boycotts, woman produced homespun cloth by spinning and weaving at home so colonists could avoid buying British manufactured goods.
86
What was manumission?
This was when slaveholders voluntarily freed their slaves. In Virginia, about 10,000 people were given freedom this way.
87
What was the Republican motherhood?
It fell upon women to demonstrate morality and educate the children. This concept became known as republican motherhood and it shaped the roles of middle- and upper-class women for generations. A republican mother’s place was in the home. There, she was expected to live a moral and virtuous life. Her example would influence her children and others in society.
88
What did the Treaty or Greenville do?
Gave Americans control of the region that would later form the states of Ohio, Indians, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
Background:
Conflict in western New York and Pennsylvania resulted in the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795). The war ended with the defeat of the Western Confederacy of Native Americans.
89
What is the Articles of Confederation?
Articles of Confederation was the first government in the United States. It did not have a strong central government, which
created a lot of problems. It was replaced by the U.S. Constitution.
90
What is democracy?
Form of government in which the citizens, rather than a ruler, have the power.
91
What is majority rule?
The ideas that have the most public support are adopted.
92
What was the Northwest Ordinances?
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was one such land ordinance.
This ordinance had the following key points:
• Territory would be divided into 3–5 states
• Territories would become eligible for statehood with 60,000 settlers
• Settlers would have religious freedom, the right to trial by jury, and free access to the major rivers in the region
• Slavery would be banned north of the Ohio River
• Townships would be six square miles
• One plot of land would equal 640 acres
• Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin were created. Part of Minnesota was included in the territory as well
93
What is republicanism?
The idea that a state does not need a king, instead, citizens appoint or select leaders to represent them.
94
What was Shay's rebellion? What did it happen?
In 1786, the state legislature again refused to address the petitioners’ requests. Massachusetts citizens took up arms and closed courthouses across the state to prevent banks from foreclosing on farms in debt. The farmers wanted their debts forgiven, and they demanded that the 1780 constitution be revised to address the needs of poor citizens. They thought that since elite, wealthy citizens were serving in the state legislature, they only cared about the aristocratic class.
95
What is a tariff?
Taxes
96
Who was Alexander Hamilton?
Alexander Hamilton was a Federalist who was one of the authors
of The Federalist Papers.
97
Who were Anti-Federalists?
Those who opposed the 1787 Constitution were known as Anti-Federalists. They argued that the Constitution would consolidate all power in a national government, robbing the states of the power to make their own decisions. To them, the Constitution appeared to mimic the old corrupt and centralized British regime. Anti-Federalists argued that wealthy aristocrats would run the new national government. They worried the rich would monopolize power and use the new government to formulate policies that benefited their class. Anti-Federalists also argued that the Constitution did not contain a bill of rights. They wanted assurance that individual rights and freedoms would be guaranteed to U.S. citizens.
98
What was bicameral?
two-house legislature, with an upper and a lower house
99
What was the Bill of Rights?
Federalists followed through on their promise to add such a bill in 1789. Virginia Representative James Madison introduced the Bill of Rights to Congress. Adopted in 1791, the bill consisted of the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. The adoption of the Bill of Rights softened the Anti-Federalists’ opposition to the Constitution. The new federal government gained greater legitimacy among those who otherwise distrusted the new centralized power created by men of property during the secret 1787 Constitutional Convention.
100
What was the Connecticut Compromise/Great Comprise?
Roger Sherman from Connecticut proposed a compromise. He suggested a bicameral legislative branch: one house (the House of Representatives) based on population, and a second house (the Senate) with equal representation from each state. This was coined the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise. Since representation in one house would be based on population, delegates hotly debated who should be counted toward population totals.
101
What is the Constitutional Convection of 1787?
That framework became the United States Constitution, and the Philadelphia Convention became known as the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
102
What is the electoral collage?
The mechanism for choosing the president. Under this plan, each state has a certain number of electors. The number of electors for a state is the sum of the two senators and the number of representatives from the House of Representatives.
103
What were the federalist papers?
Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay made their case to the public in a famous series of essays known as The Federalist Papers. They argued that a strong national government was necessary and would not remove all rights from states and individuals. They didn’t believe that a bill of rights was necessary.
104
Who were federalists?
Supporters of the 1787 Constitution were known as Federalists.
105
James Madison.
James Madison of Virginia asked for a meeting of states to address the widespread economic problems that plagued the new nation.
106
What was the New Jersey Plan?
William Paterson introduced the New Jersey Plan, which focused on a unicameral legislature. Each state would be given one representative in a single legislative house. This plan also recommended an executive branch, appointed by the legislative house, and a judicial branch, appointed by the executive branch. States with smaller populations favored this plan due to equal representation regardless of population size.
107
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Slaves in any state would be counted as three-fifths of a person. The Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise were essential to the foundation of the United States Constitution.
108
What was the Virginia Plan?
James Madison proposed the Virginia Plan, which focused on a bicameral legislature split into upper and lower legislative houses. Based on their state’s population, legislators would elect a certain number of members to the lower house. Those legislators would then appoint a number of delegates (also determined by population) to the upper house. Then, the upper house would appoint members to the other branches of government: the executive and judicial. States with large populations supported this plan, as they would benefit most by representation based on population.
