Unit 1 Review

Question 1

Types of joints and examples.

Answer 1

• Fibrous joints, immovable and joined by tough collagen tissue Eg: suture in skull.
• Cartilaginous joints, 2 bones joined together by cartilage, limited movement Eg: symphysis pubis and between ribs and costal cartilage.
• Synovial joints, true joints, greatest range of motion Eg: elbow, knee, hip.

Question 2

Parts of a synovial joint and their function

Answer 2

Articular cartilage: protects bone tissue and reduces friction when bones move

Joint capsule: made of fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint, prevents unwanted material from entering joint and adds stability

Synovial fluid: lubricant for moving surfaces

Ligaments: fibrous bands that connect bone to bone and adds stability

Bursae: fluid filled sacs that reduce friction Eg; tendons rub over bones

Question 3

Osteoarthritis article - main points and where OA is most commonly found

Answer 3

Point 1: address the question of what osteoarthritis is
Point 2: provide an overview of the epidemiology of OA particularly risk factors for development
Point 3: consider role of exercise on join tissue and disease management

OA is most commonly found in knees, hips and hands

Question 4

Types of muscles

Answer 4

Smooth: surrounds body’s internal organs, involuntary, and doesn’t get tired
skeletal: muscle attached to bone, voluntary, and appears striated under microscope
cardiac: only found in heart, involuntary

Question 5

Types of muscle contractions

Answer 5

Concentric contraction: muscles shorten (flexion)

Eccentric contraction: muscles lengthen (extension)

Isometric contraction: muscles length does not change, remains static. Holding a contraction

Question 6

Agonist/Antagonist examples, importance, and how they work together to produce movement at joints

Answer 6

Ex: in knee flexing agonist are hamstrings, antagonist are quadricepts
Ex: in elbow flexion agonist is biceps, antagonist is triceps
Ex: in dorsiflexion agonist is tibiales anterior, antagonist is gastrocnemius and soleus.

Agonist is the muscle moving and antagonist are the muscles that are lengthening when agonist muscles contract.

Question 7

Origin/Insertion - where are they in relation to skeleton and examples

Answer 7

Origin: the point at which muscle attaches to more stationary bone

Insertion: the point at which muscle attaches to the bone that’s moved the most

Ex: biceps: origin is near shoulder, insertion is on the radius

Question 8

Parts of Sarcomeres

Answer 8

Actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin

Question 9

Motor unit

Answer 9

• Refers to motor neuron, it’s axon and muscles fibres it stimulates (components to stimulate a muscle)
• can either turn on all muscle fibres the motor unit is attached to or none (all or none law)

Question 10

What is sliding filament theory

Answer 10

• Describes how muscular contraction occurs
• Muscle fibres do not shorten but instead overlap to appear shorter
• Myosin filaments (thick) create cross bridges with actin filaments (thin)
• Myosin attaches, rotates, detaches and repeats.
• this process makes them overlap

Question 11

Different Nutrients and purpose

Answer 11

Carbohydrates: provide energy for use by cells in form of glucose (used first as an energy source)

Fat: used as an energy source after carbohydrates (if not used will be stored in fat cells)

Protein: used for catalysant chemical reactions, transporting of materials, build new tissue (protein will be used for energy if no fat or carbs)

Question 12

The three metabolic pathways and which types of activities prioritize each

Answer 12

ATP-PC (anaerobic alactic) - short bursts of energy (0-10 seconds) Eg: sprints, jumping, weights

Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic) - longer bursts of energy (0-90 seconds) Eg: hockey, middle distance track 400m, 800m

Cellular Respiration - long sustained activity Eg: marathons

Question 13

Where do the metabolic pathways occur in the body

Answer 13

ATP-PC occurs in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

Cellular respiration occur in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell (depends which step)

Question 14

How much net ATP does each metabolic pathway produce

Answer 14

ATP-PC - 1 ATP molecule per molecule of glucose

Glycolysis - 2 ATP per molecule of glucose

Cellular respiration - net gain of 38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

Question 15

Chemical equation for each metabolic pathway

Answer 15

ATP-PC: PC + ADP -> ATP + creatine

Glycolysis: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P -> 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP + 2H2O (product is lactic acid)

Cellular respiration: C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20 + 38 ATP

Question 16

Advantages and disadvantages of each metabolic pathway

Answer 16

ATP-PC advantages: allows for quick intense muscle contraction and produces little amount of ATP quickly, requires no oxygen
Disadvantage: lasts very short amount of time, only good for short bursts of energy

Glycolysis advantages: longer bursts of energy and doesn’t require oxygen
Disadvantages: build up of lactic acid which causes fatigue, still not long term energy production

Cellular respiration advantages: net gain of ATP is the most, can sustain very long activities,
Disadvantages: longest pathway and requires oxygen

Question 17

Each step of cellular respiration and products

Answer 17

Step 1: Glycolysis 2 ATP produced, except pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl CoA

Step 2: Krebs cycle - Acetyl CoA broken down to yield 2 ATP

Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - 34 ATP produced

Question 18

Lebel the structures of the heart

Answer 18

Question 19

Name the blood vessels of the heart and summary of what they do

Answer 19

Arteries: carry blood away from heart, in systemic circulation it’s oxygenated blood and in pulmonary circulation it’s deoxygenated blood

Veins: carry blood towards heart, in systemic circulation is deoxygenated blood, and in pulmonary circulation it’s oxygenated blood

Capillaries: smallest blood vessel (only one cell thick). Allows exchange of gas, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissue

Question 20

What is Skeletal muscle pump

Answer 20

It helps in the return of blood back to the heart through the veins.

With each contraction of skeletal muscle pump, blood is pushed back to heart

Question 21

What is the pathway of blood

Answer 21

Deoxygenated blood comes into the superior and inferior vena cava then to the right arium, moves into the right ventricle and is brought into the pulmonary arteries to be sent out to the lungs.
After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and into the aorta and descending aorta to be sent out to the body’s tissues.

Question 22

How does the heart beat initiate

Answer 22

Sinoatrial node (SA node): specialized region of tissue in right atrium. Initiates electrical signal that lead to contraction (pacemaker of the heart)

Atrioventrical node (AV node): tissue that transmits signal from atria to ventricle.

Question 23

What is ECG

Answer 23

Process of producing electrocardiogram. Which is a recording of the hearts electrical activity

Question 24

What is heart disease and risk factors

Answer 24

Heart disease can be:

Artherosclerosis - gradual narrowing of arteries resulting from accumulation of plaque on the lining of blood vessels

Myocardial infarction - blood flow in coronary circulation becomes blocked
Results in tissue dying due to lack of oxygen

Risk factors: Smoking, Elevated blood lipids, Hypertension, Family history, Physical inactivity

Question 25

Effects of training on cardiovascular system

Answer 25

- Heart rate (HR): rises during activity - Cardiac output (Q): The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute. Rises during training - Stroke Volume (SV): amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heart beat. Rises during activity - Blood pressure (BP): Rises during increased activity - Distribution of blood flow: blood is redirected to skeletal muscles

Question 26

Factors that influence cardiac output

Answer 26

Heart rate, stroke volume

Question 27

How do you calculate cardiac output

Answer 27

Cardiac output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV) (Unit mL/min or L/min) Stroke Volume (SV) = Cardiac output (Q) ÷ Heart Rate (HR) (Unit mL) Heart rate (HR) = Cardiac output (Q) ÷ Stroke Volume (SV) (Unit bpm)

Question 28

How do you calculate stroke volume

Answer 28

Stroke Volume (SV) = End Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End Systolic Volume (ESV) (Unit is mL/beat)

Question 29

Expected differences between trained vs sedentary individuals. Both at rest and during exercise

Answer 29

On average an athletes heart rate will be lower than a non-athlete at rest and at max. On average an athletes SV will be higher than a non-athlete at rest and at max On average an athletes Q will be more or less the same as a non-athlete at rest, but at max will be higher than a non-athlete

Question 30

In total does the distribution of cardiac output to various regions during progressive exercise to maximum power increase?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

What is the role of the respiratory system

Answer 31

It supplies O2 to blood Remove CO2 from blood Regulate blood pH

Question 32

Pathway of air

Answer 32

Down throat, into trachea, tranches is then divided so sir goes into both lungs.

Question 33

Differences in partial pressures of gasses

Answer 33

Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. Gases will diffuse from area of high concentration to low concentration between alveoli and capillaries. The concentration is referred to the partial pressure of each gas

Question 34

Types of respiration and brief explanation

Answer 34

External respiration: exchange of gases between external environment and respiratory organs Internal respiration: exchange of gases at tissue level, between cells and blood Cellular respiration: process in which cells use O2 to generate energy

Question 35

What is the mechanism of breathing - inspiration

Answer 35

(Inhaling) - Air is brought into lungs externally - Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles increase volume of thoracic cavity. - increased volume = decreased pressure - air will flow from area of hight pressure to low pressure

Question 36

What is the mechanism of breathing - Expiration

Answer 36

(Exhaling) - Air is exploded from lungs into external environment - Relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles move thoracic cavity back up and in - decreased volume = increased pressure - air will be forced out of the lungs

Question 37

What is VO2max

Answer 37

Maximal volume of oxygen that the body can use in one minute, per kg of body weight A trained individual can increase their VO2max which allows them to perform more intense exercise for a longer duration

Question 38

What is Oxygen deficit and debt

Answer 38

Oxygen deficit is the oxygen needed to be an ideal amount during intense exercise. Oxygen debt is the oxygen needed to restore all energetic system.

Question 39

What is Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)

Answer 39

OBLA is the point at which lactate levels begin to accumulate rapidly in blood.

Question 40

Describe how muscles contract

Answer 40

- electrical signal is sent to muscle fibre - this releases calcium ions - The calcium ions attached to troponin on the actin - This displaces tropomyosin to reveal binding sites - by using a ADP and phosphate molecules, the phosphate is dropped, which causes the myosin head to attach to the binding site - The two filaments then glide until ATP releases the bond - ATP is then converted to a TP plus phosphate which gives energy to the myosin head for the next muscle contraction.