Unit 1 Review Flashcards
Types of joints and examples.
- Fibrous joints, immovable and joined by tough collagen tissue Eg: suture in skull.
- Cartilaginous joints, 2 bones joined together by cartilage, limited movement Eg: symphysis pubis and between ribs and costal cartilage.
- Synovial joints, true joints, greatest range of motion Eg: elbow, knee, hip.
Parts of a synovial joint and their function
Articular cartilage: protects bone tissue and reduces friction when bones move
Joint capsule: made of fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint, prevents unwanted material from entering joint and adds stability
Synovial fluid: lubricant for moving surfaces
Ligaments: fibrous bands that connect bone to bone and adds stability
Bursae: fluid filled sacs that reduce friction Eg; tendons rub over bones
Osteoarthritis article - main points and where OA is most commonly found
Point 1: address the question of what osteoarthritis is
Point 2: provide an overview of the epidemiology of OA particularly risk factors for development
Point 3: consider role of exercise on join tissue and disease management
OA is most commonly found in knees, hips and hands
Types of muscles
Smooth: surrounds body’s internal organs, involuntary, and doesn’t get tired
skeletal: muscle attached to bone, voluntary, and appears striated under microscope
cardiac: only found in heart, involuntary
Types of muscle contractions
Concentric contraction: muscles shorten (flexion)
Eccentric contraction: muscles lengthen (extension)
Isometric contraction: muscles length does not change, remains static. Holding a contraction
Agonist/Antagonist examples, importance, and how they work together to produce movement at joints
Ex: in knee flexing agonist are hamstrings, antagonist are quadricepts
Ex: in elbow flexion agonist is biceps, antagonist is triceps
Ex: in dorsiflexion agonist is tibiales anterior, antagonist is gastrocnemius and soleus.
Agonist is the muscle moving and antagonist are the muscles that are lengthening when agonist muscles contract.
Origin/Insertion - where are they in relation to skeleton and examples
Origin: the point at which muscle attaches to more stationary bone
Insertion: the point at which muscle attaches to the bone that’s moved the most
Ex: biceps: origin is near shoulder, insertion is on the radius
Parts of Sarcomeres
Actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
Motor unit
- Refers to motor neuron, it’s axon and muscles fibres it stimulates (components to stimulate a muscle)
- can either turn on all muscle fibres the motor unit is attached to or none (all or none law)
What is sliding filament theory
- Describes how muscular contraction occurs
- Muscle fibres do not shorten but instead overlap to appear shorter
- Myosin filaments (thick) create cross bridges with actin filaments (thin)
- Myosin attaches, rotates, detaches and repeats.
- this process makes them overlap
Different Nutrients and purpose
Carbohydrates: provide energy for use by cells in form of glucose (used first as an energy source)
Fat: used as an energy source after carbohydrates (if not used will be stored in fat cells)
Protein: used for catalysant chemical reactions, transporting of materials, build new tissue (protein will be used for energy if no fat or carbs)
The three metabolic pathways and which types of activities prioritize each
ATP-PC (anaerobic alactic) - short bursts of energy (0-10 seconds) Eg: sprints, jumping, weights
Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic) - longer bursts of energy (0-90 seconds) Eg: hockey, middle distance track 400m, 800m
Cellular Respiration - long sustained activity Eg: marathons
Where do the metabolic pathways occur in the body
ATP-PC occurs in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Cellular respiration occur in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell (depends which step)
How much net ATP does each metabolic pathway produce
ATP-PC - 1 ATP molecule per molecule of glucose
Glycolysis - 2 ATP per molecule of glucose
Cellular respiration - net gain of 38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose
Chemical equation for each metabolic pathway
ATP-PC: PC + ADP -> ATP + creatine
Glycolysis: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P -> 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP + 2H2O (product is lactic acid)
Cellular respiration: C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20 + 38 ATP
Advantages and disadvantages of each metabolic pathway
ATP-PC advantages: allows for quick intense muscle contraction and produces little amount of ATP quickly, requires no oxygen
Disadvantage: lasts very short amount of time, only good for short bursts of energy
Glycolysis advantages: longer bursts of energy and doesn’t require oxygen
Disadvantages: build up of lactic acid which causes fatigue, still not long term energy production
Cellular respiration advantages: net gain of ATP is the most, can sustain very long activities,
Disadvantages: longest pathway and requires oxygen
Lebel the structures of the heart
What is the pathway of blood
Deoxygenated blood comes into the superior and inferior vena cava then to the right arium, moves into the right ventricle and is brought into the pulmonary arteries to be sent out to the lungs.
After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and into the aorta and descending aorta to be sent out to the body’s tissues.
