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Unit 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

community ecology

A

the study of interactions among species

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2
Q

symbiosis

A

two species living in close and long-term association with one another in an ecosystem

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3
Q

biosphere

A

the region of our planet where life resides

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4
Q

competition

A

the struggle of individuals, either within or between species, to obtain a shared limiting resource

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5
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

the principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

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6
Q

predation

A

an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

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7
Q

parasitoid

A

a specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms, referred to as its host

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8
Q

parasitism

A

an interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism, referred to as its host

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9
Q

pathogen

A

a parasite that causes disease in its host

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10
Q

herbivory

A

an interaction in which an animal consumes plants or algae

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11
Q

mutualism

A

an interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species

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12
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants and algae use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxgen

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13
Q

commensalism

A

an interaction between two species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

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14
Q

native species

A

a species that lives in its historical range, typically where it has lived for thousands or millions of years

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15
Q

exotic species

A

a species living outside its historical range. Also known as alien species

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16
Q

invasive species

A

a species that spreads rapidly across large areas and causes harm

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17
Q

climate

A

the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time

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18
Q

weather

A

the short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed

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19
Q

consumer (heterotroph)

A

an organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must therefore obtain its energy by consuming other organisms

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20
Q

herbivore (primary consumer)

A

a consumer that eats producers

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21
Q

carnivore

A

a consumer that eats other consumers

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22
Q

secondary consumer

A

a carnivore that eats primary consumers

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23
Q

tertiary consumer

A

a carnivore that eats secondary consumers

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24
Q

trophic levels

A

the successive levels of organisms consuming one another

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25
food chain
the sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers
26
scavenger
an organism that consumes dead animals
27
detritivore
an organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles
28
decomposers
fungi and bacteria that complete the breakdown process by converting organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem
29
ecological efficiency
the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another
30
the 10% rule
of the total biomass available at a given trophic level, only about 10% can be converted into energy at the next higher trophic level
31
trophic pyramid
a representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels
32
food web
a model of how energy and matter move through two or more interconnected food chains
33
biome
the plants and animals that are found in a particular region of the world
34
terrestrial biome
a geographic region of land categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms
35
aquatic biome
an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow
36
habitat
an area where a particular species lives in nature
37
permafrost
an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil
38
climate diagram
diagrams that display monthly temperatures and precipitation values, which help determine the plants and animals that can live in the biome
39
freshwater biomes
categorized by streams and rivers, lakes and ponds, or freshwater wetlands
40
littoral zone
the shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds near the shore where most algae and emergent plants such as cattails grow
41
limnetic zone
A zone of open water in lakes and ponds as deep as the sunlight can penetrate
42
phytoplankton
floating algae
43
profundal zone
a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes
44
benthic zone
the muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean beneath the limnetic and profundal zones
45
oliogotrophic
describes a lake with a low level of phytoplankton due to low amounts of nutrients in the water
46
mesotrophic
describes a lake with a moderate level of fertility
47
eutrophic
describes a lake with a high level of fertility
48
freshwater wetland
an aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation
49
estuary
an area along the coast where the freshwater of rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean
50
salt marsh
found along the coast in temperature climates, a marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation
51
mangrove swamp
a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt-tolerant trees with roots submerged in water
52
intertidal zone
the narrow band of coastline that exists between the levels and high tide and low tide
53
coral reef
represents Earth's most diverse marine biome, and are found in warm, shallow water beyond the shoreline in tropical regions
54
coral bleaching
a phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white
55
open ocean
deep-ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom
56
photic zone
the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean the receives enough sunlight for photosnthesis
57
aphotic zone
the deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis
58
chemosynthesis
a process used by some bacteria to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide
59
biogeochemical cycle
the movements of matter within and between ecosystems involving cycles of biological, geological, and chemical processes
60
reservoirs
the components of the biogeochemical cycle that contain matter, including air, water, and organisms
61
carbon cycle
the movement of carbon around the biosphere among reservoirs and sinks
62
aerobic respiration
the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water
63
steady state
when a system's inputs equals its outputs, so that the system is not changing over time
64
greenhouse gasses
gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface
65
global warming
the increase in global temperature due to humans producing more greenhouse gases
66
limiting nutrient
a nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients
67
nitrogen cycle
the movement of nitrogen around the biosphere among reservoir sources and sinks
68
nitrogen fixation
the process that convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into forms of nitrogen that plants and algae can use
69
nitrification
the conversion of ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate
70
assimilation
a process by which plants and algae incorporate nitrogen into their tissues
71
mineralization/ammonification
the process by which fungal bacteria decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds such as inorganic ammonium
72
dentrification
the conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and eventually nitrogen gas which is emitted into the atmosphere
73
anaerobic
an environment that lacks oxygen
74
aerobic
an environment with abundant oxygen
75
leaching
a process in which dissolved molecules and transported through the soil via groundwater
76
phosphorus cycle
the movement of phosphorus around the biosphere among reservoir sources and isnks
77
algal bloom
a rapid increase in the algal population of a waterway
78
hypoxic
low in oxygen
79
dead zone
when oxygen concentrations become so low that it kills fish and other aquatic animals
80
hydrologic cycle
the movement of water around the biosphere among reservoir sources and sinks
81
transpiration
the release of water from leave into the atmosphere during photosynthesis
82
evapotranspiration
the combined amount of evaporation and transpiration
83
runoff
the water that moves across the land surface into streams and rivers
84
producers (autotrophs)
plants, algae, and some bacteria that use the Sun's energy to produce usable forms of energy, such as sugars
85
cellular respiration
the process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds
86
anaerobic respiration
the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen
87
primary productivity
the rate of converting solar energy into organic compounds over a period of time
88
gross primary productivity (GPP)
the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time
89
net primary productivity (NPP)
the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers' respire
90
biomass
the total mass of all living matter in a specific area
91
standing crop
the amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

APES (1 decks)

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