unit 1 revison

Question 1

What is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

The genetic material is found in the cytosol

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

Which type of cell contains a cell wall and large vacuole?

Answer 2

Eukaryotic plant cell

This indicates the cell is likely a plant cell, as animal cells do not have a cell wall.

Question 3

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 3

Site of aerobic cellular respiration to produce ATP

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Question 4

In which part of the cell is insulin produced?

Answer 4

Ribosome

Insulin is a protein hormone synthesized by ribosomes.

Question 5

What is required for a cell to function well without dying?

Answer 5

High Surface Area to Volume Ratio

This ratio ensures efficient nutrient and waste movement.

Question 6

Which is NOT a key feature of organelles?

Answer 6

They allow water to enter the cell

Organelles compartmentalize cellular processes but do not directly facilitate water entry.

Question 7

Which organelle contains genetic material that carries instructions for protein synthesis?

Answer 7

Nucleus

The nucleus houses DNA, which contains the instructions for protein production.

Question 8

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 8

Destruction of toxins and cell waste

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials.

Question 9

What process do chloroplasts enable in a cell?

Answer 9

Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts are essential for converting light energy into chemical energy.

Question 10

According to the fluid mosaic model, what is true about phospholipids?

Answer 10

Some proteins extend all the way from one side of the membrane to the other

This model describes the structure of the plasma membrane.

Question 11

How does oxygen enter muscle cells from the bloodstream?

Answer 11

Simple diffusion

Oxygen is small and nonpolar, allowing it to diffuse across the membrane.

Question 12

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 12

Requires the presence of a membrane protein

This process helps transport substances across the membrane without energy input.

Question 13

What is the process called when dendritic cells enclose bacteria?

Answer 13

Phagocytosis

This is a type of endocytosis specifically for large particles.

Question 14

What type of substances do protein channels in the plasma membrane facilitate?

Answer 14

Hydrophilic molecules

These channels help polar substances cross the membrane.

Question 15

What is binary fission?

Answer 15

A process of cell division used by prokaryotic cells

It results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 16

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Answer 16

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This describes the metaphase stage of cell division.

Question 17

What is the stage of the cell cycle where a cell spends most of its time?

Answer 17

Interphase

Interphase is when the cell grows and prepares for division.

Question 18

Through which part does water move in a plant?

Answer 18

Xylem in the process of transpiration

Xylem transports water from roots to leaves.

Question 19

What is the smallest functional unit of the excretory system?

Answer 19

Nephron

Nephrons filter blood and form urine in the kidneys.

Question 20

Where are hormones produced, stored, and secreted from?

Answer 20

Glands

Glands are specialized organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 21

What is the function of microvilli?

Answer 21

Increases the surface area available for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

Microvilli enhance nutrient absorption efficiency.

Question 22

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Answer 22

skip

This causes the guard cells to swell and open the stomatal pore.

Question 23

What do beta cells produce and what do alpha cells produce?

Answer 23

Beta cells produce insulin; Alpha cells produce glucagon

These hormones regulate blood glucose levels.

Question 24

What are some symptoms hypoglycaemia characterized by?

Answer 24

Confusion, hunger, and blurred vision

These symptoms indicate low blood sugar levels.

Question 25

In an experiment, what is the independent variable?

Answer 25

Changed ## Footnote The independent variable is what the experimenter manipulates.

Question 26

How does the surface area of a cell affect survival?

Answer 26

Surface area to volume ratio needs to be high to ensure efficient movement of nutrients and wastes ## Footnote A higher ratio allows for better exchange of materials.

Question 27

Why can eukaryotic cells be larger than prokaryotic cells?

Answer 27

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow for more complex processes ## Footnote Organelles enable compartmentalization of functions.

Question 28

Name two membrane-bound organelles and their functions.

Answer 28

Nucleus: DNA Storage; Mitochondrion: Energy production ## Footnote Organelles perform specialized functions essential for cell survival.

Question 29

What occurs during mechanical digestion in the stomach?

Answer 29

Peristalsis and contracting of stomach muscles mix and breakdown food ## Footnote This process reduces food size for absorption.

Question 30

What is homeostasis?

Answer 30

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, within tolerance limits ## Footnote Homeostasis is crucial for optimal cell function.

Question 31

Identify two homeostatic effectors for thermoregulation during hypothermia.

Answer 31

Shivering; Vasoconstriction ## Footnote These responses help increase body temperature during cold exposure.

Question 32

Define osmosis.

Answer 32

Passive movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration ## Footnote Osmosis is essential for maintaining cell turgor pressure.

Question 33

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Answer 33

Sort, modify and export proteins from the cell ## Footnote The Golgi apparatus is involved in post-translational modification.

Question 34

What are two features of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 34

Membrane bound organelles; Presence of a nucleus ## Footnote These features distinguish eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.

Question 35

Is the shown cell a plant or animal cell? Provide two reasons.

Answer 35

Plant; Presence of cell wall; Presence of large vacuole ## Footnote These structures are characteristic of plant cells.

Question 36

What is one piece of evidence that indicates a cell is eukaryotic?

Answer 36

Presence of membrane-bound organelles ## Footnote Eukaryotic cells have complex structures with specialized functions, unlike prokaryotic cells.

Question 37

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 37

Site for cellular respiration, to produce ATP for the cell ## Footnote Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Question 38

What evidence indicates that the cell is a plant cell?

Answer 38

Presence of cell wall, presence of a large vacuole, presence of chloroplasts ## Footnote Animal cells do not have cell walls or chloroplasts and typically have small vacuoles.

Question 39

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 39

Site for photosynthesis in plant cells ## Footnote Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: An organelle is a specialised part of a cell which performs a specific _______.

Answer 40

function

Question 41

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 41

Synthesis of proteins ## Footnote The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

Question 42

What are the four phases in mitosis

Answer 42

Propahse, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 43

what is an error that can happen during mitosis and what checkpoint checks if everything is ok?

Answer 43

Metaphase checkpoint. The spindle fibres cannot attach correctly to chromosome; therefore chromatids can't separate and move to opposite poles of cell.

Question 44

What is the negative feedback loop?

Answer 44

Stimulas, receptor, modulator, effector, and response