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Sociology 100 > unit 1 sociology test > Flashcards

unit 1 sociology test Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces.

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running.

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3
Q

Conflict Theory

A

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general.

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4
Q

Double Consciousness

A

a concept conceived by W. E. B. Du Bois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans.

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5
Q

Macrosociology

A

a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis—that is, across the breadth of a society.

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6
Q

Microsociology

A

a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews.

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7
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions.

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8
Q

Correlation

A

simultaneous variation in two variables.

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9
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

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10
Q

Reliability

A

the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure.

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11
Q

Generalizablity

A

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied.

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12
Q

Quantitative Methods

A

methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form.

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13
Q

Qualitative Methods

A

methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.

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14
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain.

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15
Q

Independent Variable

A

a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable.

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16
Q

Experimental Methods

A

methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention.

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17
Q

Survey

A

a general view, examination, or description of someone or something.

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18
Q

Sample

A

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data.

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19
Q

Interview

A

a meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation

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20
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

describes the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting “good behavior” or under-reporting “bad”, or undesirable behavior.

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21
Q

Participant Observation

A

a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior in practice.

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22
Q

Culture

A

a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; everything but the natural environment around us.

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23
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

of one’s own.

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24
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value.

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25
Material Culture
everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology.
26
Ideology
a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.
27
Cultural Scripts
modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural.
28
Subculture
the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or
29
Media
any formats, platforms, or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information.
30
Hegemony
a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary “consent” of the masses.
31
Consumerism
the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved.
32
Culture jamming
the act of turning media against themselves.
33
Socialization
the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.
34
Self
the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person.
35
I
one’s sense of agency, action, or power.
36
Me
the self as perceived as an object by the “I”; the self as one imagines others perceive one.
37
Other
someone or something outside of oneself.
38
Generalized Other
an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings—regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before.
39
Resocialization
the process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution.
40
Total Institution
an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day- to- day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority.
41
Status
a recognizable social position that an individual occupies.
42
Role
the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status.
43
Role Strain
the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status.
44
Role Conflict
the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses.
45
Status Set
all the statuses one holds simultaneously.
46
Ascribed Status
a status into which one is born; involuntary status.
47
Achieved Status
a status into which one enters; voluntary status.
48
Master Status
one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others.
49
Gender Roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female.
50
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions.
51
Dramaturgical Theory
Dr the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
52
Face
the esteem in which an individual is held by others.
53
Ethnomethodology
literally “the methods of the people”; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order.
54
Mediator
the member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group.
55
Tertius Gaudens
the member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group.
56
Divide et impera
the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group.
57
Small Group
a group characterized by face-to- face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements or roles, and a certain level of equality.
58
Party
a group that is similar to a small group but is multifocal.
59
Large Group
a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation.
60
Primary Groups
social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face- to- face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved.
61
Secondary Groups
groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end).
62
In-Group
another term for the powerful group, most often the majority.
63
Out-Group
another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority.
64
Reference Group
Reference group a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups.
65
Social Network
Social network a set of relations—essentially, a set of dyads— held together by ties between individuals.
66
Ties
the connection between two people in a relationship that varies in strength from one relationship to the next; a story that explains our relationship with another member of our network.
67
Narrative
the sum of stories contained in a set of ties.
68
Embeddedness
the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network.
69
Strength of the weak ties
the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information.
70
Structural Hole
a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources.
71
Social Capital
the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks.
72
Organization
any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world.
73
Organizational Culture
the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture.
74
Organizational Structure
the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization.
75
Isomorphism
a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions.
76
Social deviance
any transgression of socially established norms.
77
Social Cohesion
social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day- to- day basis.
78
Mechanical and segmental solidarity
social cohesion based on sameness.
79
Organic solidarity
social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts.
80
Social Control
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals.
81
Formal Social Sanctions
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior.
82
Informal Social Sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life.
83
Social Regulation
Social regulation the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day- to- day basis.
84
Egoistic Suicide
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group.
85
Altruistic Suicide
suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration.
86
Anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness.
87
Anomic Suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation.
88
Fatalistic Suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation.
89
Strain Theory
Strain theory Robert Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals.
90
Conformist
Conformist individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable.

Sociology 100 (2 decks)

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