Unit 1 study guide questions Flashcards

Question

Define ontology

Answer 1

study of nature of being/reality

Answer 2

nature of knowing

Answer 3

nature of values

Answer 4

-Realists – What we see is what is -Nominalist – Things are only real because we give them meaning -Social Constructionist – World is real because of meanings we give AND because our communication/connection with others

Answer 5

-Objective – Real world can be systematically known. We can measure & observe it. Faith in objective measurement. -Subjective – Real world cannot be separated from our perceptions

Answer 6

-Some feel we need to control our values 100% and not allow them to influence our studies. Others believe it’s impossible to contain our values from our studies but that we should at least be aware of it. Still, others believe we can’t contain our values nor can we be aware of them. Lastly, some feel we should be aware of our values as well as use them in our studies.

Answer 7

process, transactional, symbolic, social, intentional

Answer 8

Process- it happens over time, more than sending and receiving messages

Answer 9

Transactional-involves exchange, feedback, and both verbal and nonverbal cues

Answer 10

i. Carried out using symbols ii. Simple use is somewhat arbitrary (it means what we mean it to mean) iii. We can use the same symbol and mean different things iv. Ex: history of your friend forgetting their wallet – they say “I forgot my wallet”. We interpret that as “will you buy my meal?”

Answer 11

Social- takes place between two or more people

Answer 12

Intentional-the things we do can communicate things that we don’t mean to happen. This is not communication because there is no transaction. To understand intention, we have to separate the sender intention from the receiver's view of the communication.

Answer 13

You do not leave any parts out when you have multiple definitions.

Answer 14

Process is complex and multilayered, transactional focuses our attention on context, Social says you can’t have inner monologue, intentional means that its strategic but strategic means automatic.

Answer 15

Most of the time we have some goal and our minds just creates some floe of talk that automatically helps us get our goals across.

Answer 16

why do some relationships develop from a first meeting where as others do not? How does this development take place? How does this happen communicatively.

Answer 17

story of why some relationships develop and how. Thinks of relationships as increasing in intimacy or decreasing: onion model= as a relationship develop you go deeper in layers

Answer 18

Orientation, exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, stable exchange

Answer 19

disclosure

Answer 20

we don't place a lot of value on small talk but its ubiquitous and we do it all the time

Answer 21

• trivial talk yet we do it a lot • about 2/3rd of the time were communicating we are engaged in small talk • as relationships became more intimate so did the trivial talk • essential for relationship building • use it to see if we want to be friends with this person • if you're good at it you can put people at ease and fit in, show you're poise. • its phatic communication: talk for talks sake

Answer 22

the same as small talk

Answer 23

2/3rds of the time we talk its trivial talk.

Answer 24

as relationships became more intimate so did the trivial talk

Answer 25

We learn a lot in the first few moments so it helps us see if we want to continue our friendship with that person.

Answer 26

It’s just talk for talk's sake.

Answer 27

Charlotte became too intimate too quickly and she skipped the first steps in SPT.

Answer 28

• increase topic intimacy gradually o not too fast • break the rules, so when the moment is right you have to increase topic intimacy o we learn a lot about the other in the first moments • give and use free info: give the person you're talking to a hook to ease small talk and increase topic intimacy gradually • show interest in the other person • share the floor: GIving equal amount of time to speak (example in class where the interactants who talk 20% and 80% vs the ones who shared the floor and talked 50 50.)

Answer 29

1. Sometimes we stay in relationships without rational reasons to continue the relationship. Maybe the reasons are irrational. Maybe we are not always making conscious decisions all the time about our relationships. a. It over simplifies our choice to stay in a relationship 2. Its too liner . Relationships are much more complicated than the 4 stages.. There is much more going on.

Answer 30

• Relational Dialectic Theory was created to address the messiness of relationships. The part that is over simplified in SPT. It is not meant to study the general which is broad

Answer 31

• The point is not to explain the general (the mean in the bell curve). The messiness is the outliers in the bell curve. The weird stuff that happens in particular relationships.

Answer 32

• Instead of following a linear model of reciprocating of disclosure (SPT). RD case relationships as messy ongoing negotiations.

Answer 33

Inherent tensions in relationships (by their very nature). All relationships have tensions. The dialectic (a particular dialectic) is a pair of ideals that contradict creating tension

Answer 34

• In relationships there are competing ideals that contradict one another. The patterns in relationship behavior is the people trying to deal with these contradictions that create tension. The whole relationships is built on managing the tensions. The management is never done until the relationship is over.

Answer 35

• No, they vary over time. They are never negotiated in the same way. The are managed in communication and patterns of PRAXIS.

Answer 36

• No, but they have to be managed

Answer 37

• Connection-Autonomy o The pole of being a couple Vs. being an individual. • In a relationship, we want both. A balance. To keep who we are as a couple and as an individual. • Certainty- Uncertainty o We need to know what to expect in relationships. But we also want the novelty of uncertainty. • Openness- Closedness o Sometimes we want to tell our relationships more and sometimes less. Sometime is good for the relationships to share more and sometimes to share less.

Answer 38

• Internal dialectics is the negotiations going on inside the relationships between the partners.

Answer 39

• Inclusion-Seclusion • Conventionality-Uniqueness • Revelation-Concealment

Answer 40

• External dialectics is how the relationship partners are negotiating the boundaries between the relationship outside larger community.

Answer 41

an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver

Answer 42

SMCR: Source-message-channel-receiver It is a communication process as a straightforward activity of transmission through a singular circuit. Mainly linear questions such as; Who? Says What? To Whom? Through what channel? With what effect? Only a source to receiver communication.

Answer 43

Whether communicating intentionally or not, meaning is inherent in all human behavior

Answer 44

The adolescent participant population was stratified into three demographic areas: Northern, Central, and Southern Taiwan. Participants read a paper of agreement which also informed them of the importance of this research and were then asked to rate their willingness to make sexual self-disclosures in both real life and cyberspace, in the contexts of varying degrees of relationship intimacy and different sexual topics.

Answer 45

Both male and female adolescents showed that the link of relationship intimacy with willingness to communicate sexual disclosure in real life, supporting the hypothesis from the social penetration model.

Answer 46

Yes, males were more comfortable with the exchange of sexual disclosure at all levels of relationships, and women experienced a “U” shaped willingness to disclose sexual information (they were very willingto disclose to people they knew very little and to people they knew extremely well, but were not as willingot disclose to people in the middle--people they knew kind of, but not very well)

Answer 47

consistent

Answer 48

Any point in a relationship in which the relationship changes either positively or negatively. A useful empirical site in which to find dialectical contradictions in developing relationships a transformative event in which the realtionship is changed in some way either positivley or negatively

Answer 49

Question: How do the six dialectics of RDT affect turning points of relationships between heterosexual couples?

Answer 50

Turning points were coded using a modification of the turning point scheme: network interaction, conflict, relationship talk.

Answer 51

internal dialectics

Answer 52

network interaction (focus on external dialectic of inclusion-seclusion)

Answer 53

autonomy-connection and openness-closedness

Answer 54

The participants were asked to answer a questionnaire about their experiences and feelings toward the choir experience. the questionnaire being the method.

Answer 55

they manifested themselves all in different types

Answer 56

Hypothesis 1: If choir members have greater task-based interactions with the choir director, and greater social-based interactions with their peers, they will have higher satisfaction. This supports URT because more interaction means less uncertainty, which means greater satisfaction. ## Footnote Hypothesis 4: Volunteers will have higher satisfaction when they have less uncertainty about their tasks within the group. Once again, decreased uncertainty means higher satisfaction. Both hypotheses were supported by the study

Answer 57

recruits for a questionnaire with two scenarios, 1. ## Footnote

Answer 58

they are ubiquitous(we do it alot) and small talk is important for relationship building. First meetings lead to relationships, and relationships are proven to make you healthier. -Some people report having a difficult time with first meetings, whereas others can grow lifelong relationships from them. So it’s obvious that first meetings CAN lead to relationships, but they don’t always. Why is that? -First meetings can explain why relationships form or do not form, and are necessary for “auditioning” people for friendship.

Answer 59

That most people have trouble/struggle with them, and that they care enough about it to not only create the recipes, but for people to buy them, we attach some importance to them.

Answer 60

whether the couple wants to spend time alone vs with others. o Example: watching a movie at home vs going on a double date. o A friend of yours falls in love and then disappears. They seclude you and everyone not in the relationship. Other times when you need to bring others in.

Answer 61

Whether the couple identifies themselves as traditional or unique. o Example: Whether the relationship will follow traditional gender roles or not or the fact we want our relationship to similar to other relationships in society, in our church, that we are familiar with. We want them to be conventional, but we want them to be uniquely our own.

Answer 62

what a couple wants to share with others and what you want to keep to yourself. o Example: When the couple gets pregnant, and you are deciding who to share the news with right away o Homer teaching a college course about his family’s secret information such as the fact that Marge dyes her hair.

Answer 63

1. denial, 2. disorientation, 3. spiraling inversion, 4. segmentation, 5. balance, 6. integration, 7. recalibration, 8. reaffirmation

Answer 64

DYSFUNCTIONAL. relationship ignores the dialectic. Responding to one side and ignoring the other side all together o Example: Homer is only interested in his class, not interested in concealment, disastrous results.

Answer 65

DYSFUNCTIONAL. Instead of denying they become overwhelmed by them and take no action at all. The competing demands of the contradiction have become overwhelming. Marked by paralysis and inaction due to too many competing needs.

Answer 66

Functional. Participants negotiate the tension or contradictions over time. Over time the relationship swings back and forth. Sometime attending to one end of the dialectic and then we come back to the other. However, if you don’t actually swing back and forth, this can become denial. o EX: This weekend we will go out with your friends and next weekend we will stay home and watch movies. (Inclusion/Seclusion)

Answer 67

Functional. Focuses on topic rather than time in spiraling inversion. For different situations for different topics and issues the partners solve the dialectic differently. o EX: Okay to share how the kids are doing in school but not okay to tell them she dyes her hair in Simpsons. In every episode a choice is being made.

Answer 68

Have cake and eat it too. A compromise approach. Try to do both at once. Not doing either completely. o EX: A friend falls in love and then they disappear—ignoring any need for including relationships outside that particular relationship. The Holidays roll around and they decide they are still in this seclusion part of their relationship but they need to visit their families, but not for very long. Scholars recognize that trying for balance, it satisfies neither of the contradiction completely, it can backfire. Problematic because satisfies neither completely.

Answer 69

- Have cake and eat it too. You have a pattern that really does serve all aspects of the contradictions at once. Difficult to do because it requires addressing two contradictory ideas completely. Most people aim for integration and end up with balance. o EX: Married couple has one rule, every Friday night (Certainty) they are going to try something new. (Uncertainty) In this relational agreement there is something that is approaching integration. It’s certain, yet novel.

Answer 70

Focus on different ways that the partners are aware of the dialectic itself. Relationship participants **reframe** the dialectic so that there is no contradiction. o EX: If your partner is acting distant, you might re-label this lack of connection as their stubbornness, or just the way they communicate. May give you comfort. Parents driving around, both are so different, one really values certainty, and the other values uncertainty. Certainty reframes it and says “This is just how he shows that he loves me.”

Answer 71

Focus on different ways that the partners are aware of the dialectic itself. There meta-communicating about the dialectic itself. Acknowledge together that the need for both dialectics are there. Idea that the relationship is aware that the tension exist.

Answer 72

No. Denial and Disorientation are dysfunctional.

Answer 73

Denial (permanent choice), Spiraling Inversion (temporary choice) and Segmentation (choice per topic)

Answer 74

Balance and Integration (Have your cake and eat it too)

Answer 75

- NO - Sometimes you use multiple praxis patterns to deal with an issue, or will use one praxis pattern in order to use another (ie. you might engage in reaffirmation in order to find a way to integrate)

Answer 76

It helps us decide whether we want to continue the relationship. - It is also linked to liking--we like the people we disclose to and disclose to those we like. - Disclosure also makes you healthier--having just one confidant can make you healthy (experiment conducted where people were made sick and only 50% were allowed to have contact with the outside world. The ones who could talk were physically better than the others.)

Answer 77

-Vary in depth / Intimacy level / Breadth -Positive or Negative - Incomplete or Insincere rather than Complete & Honest (but remember that ALL disclosures are VOLUNTARY and INTENTIONAL)

Answer 78

In SPT its always a good thing, because you constantly want more intimacy. -In RDT we have different needs for openness and closedness, disclosure is not always a good thing...sometimes we want or need to be closed...but for SPT if our goal is to move a relationship forward, disclosure is always a good thing

Answer 79

-Openness/closedness

Answer 80

• - No, they can have positive effects o Example: The clip the Breakfast Club where Emilio Estevez shares a negative disclosure and he is not regarded badly and the reactions of the other are not negative. o It depends on the specific relationship, though. Only relationships where the connection is strong enough can survive negative disclosures.

Answer 81

-RDT covers all areas of a relationship so its scope is not as narrow as RDT, SPT-is trying to give you universal laws for relationships while RDT-is trying to hone in a particular attention to a particular situation • SPT is how relationships are set up from first meetings, where RDT is the broader view of relationships. SPT has heuristic value because it GAVE RISE to RDT. Where parsimony is concerned, SPT is more simple (it doesn’t have RDT’s list of dialectics and praxis patterns), but might be too simple (in that it doesn’t explain all the messiness of relationships).

Answer 82

It depends on the particular problem or situation you're trying to address

Answer 83

-SPT is about predicting whether a relationship will move forward or not and what will happen at each stage...RD is about describing accurately what is happening not what WILL, tries to capture all the messiness. Both have to do with explaining the development of relationships, but SPT is concerned with creating rules and stages, whereas RDT just wants to give you some of the possible problems and solutions used in developing relationships. SPT focuses on that relationships in GENERAL do, but RDT asks “whatis happening in THIS specific relationship?” ## Footnote

Answer 84

-It is focused specifically on first meetings • When strangers meet, the main thing they want to do is reduce uncertainty about each other.

Answer 85

What happens as a result of first meetings • We are motivated to make sense of what the other person is doing/behavior. Want to predict what they are going to do next. Interpersonal ignorance is not bliss, it’s frustrating according to this theory.

Answer 86

-When you meet someone you want to make sense of what they're doing and predict what they're going to do and be able to predict what they will do.

Answer 87

• "Do you anticipate future interaction" o If you think you will be seeing the person again, your desire to reduce uncertainty will be heightened. • "Incentive value: the person has something you want or you need" • "Deviance: they act weird" o If they act strangely, that will heighten your desire to reduce uncertainty

Answer 88

• **Verbal Communication (-)** o We will communicate verbally with each other to reduce uncertainty o The more we reduce uncertainty, the more we communicate verbally o As uncertainty is high, verbal communication is low • **Nonverbal Expressiveness (-)** o As we reduce uncertainty, we will be more non verbally expressive o If nonverbal expressiveness is high, uncertainty is low o EX: Smiling, body language, eye contact • **Information Seeking (+)** o To reduce uncertainty we seek information. o As uncertainty is high, information seeking is high. o The more uncertain we are the more information seeking we do. • **Intimacy (-)** o As uncertainty is high, intimacy is low. o More uncertainty means you’re not going to be very intimate. • **Reciprocity (+)** o The practice of exchanging things with others mutual benefit. o “If you tell me about your major, I’ll tell you about my major.” • **Similarities (-)** o The more alike we find ourselves to be, the less uncertainty we will experience • **Liking (-)** o When uncertainty is high, liking is low o Do you like the person?

Answer 89

-Axioms with a (-) mean that the relationship between uncertainty and that variable is INVERSE, meaning that as one goes up, the other goes down. Axioms that are (+) mean that the relationships is positive, meaning that as uncertainty goes up, that variable also increases. ## Footnote

Answer 90

-You can combine the signs of axioms to create theorems. Say you want to relate liking to similarity (create a theorem that connects liking to similarity) . You would say that liking has a (-) relationship with uncertainty and so does similarity. A negative times a negative is a positive, so the relationship between liking and similarity will be positive, meaning that if liking is high, then similarity is high. Liking x Similarity = Theorum (-) x (-) = (+) relationships between liking and similarity

Answer 91

No they are not, These theorems can be combined together and are interchangeably related ## Footnote

Answer 92

• The theory isn’t complete enough, and doesn’t give details are to how the behaviors will be performed. o Doesn’t always work especially with initial interactions o Does not have culture as an element. o Only works for first meetings o Doesn’t define things like “information seeking” in depth • It’s definition and understanding of uncertainty is inherently wrong/too simple. It doesn’t take into account our emotional reactions to uncertainty. Only sees uncertainty as NEGATIVE, when sometimes it can be POSITIVE.

Answer 93

They have tried to apply the theory to different types of relationships, different stages of relationships, and to different cultures. They have attempted to view the theory through different contexts and situations, or have tried to define the axioms in more depth.

Answer 94

No. The criticism that the theory is incomplete is not fair. The theory states right off the bat that it is only concerned with first meetings, so to try to apply it to other situations is not fair

Answer 95

The way we act towards the uncertainty is determined how we appraise it. 2. We manage our uncertainty through communication. 3. Management can include reducing, maintaining, or even increasing uncertainty . \*UMT is applied to many different types of contexts, tries to explain any time we experience uncertainty.

Answer 96

Sources of Uncertainty- • the need for information, which causes them to feel uncertain. • Having information can also be a source of uncertainty (conflicting). • Life is probabilistic, we can’t ever be 100% sure something is going to happen. • Communication itself can be a source of uncertainty; it can come from a variety of different sources. (Relationships themselves are uncertain and any communication in a relationships will be uncertain).

Answer 97

-No. It might complicate our understanding of a situations.. We might get contradictory information or too much information to think clearly.

Answer 98

-No, Uncertainty is inherent to relationships.

Answer 99

There is an emotional component and cognitive/ thinking significance • Appraisals can be negotiated with others through communication • Appraisals can be internal as well. ## Footnote

Answer 100

. The relevance of the appraisal, is it relevant to you and your goals? 2. The congruency, how does it fit into your goals? (Not the thing you are uncertain about, but the uncertainty itself). 3. Your coping skills, your ability to cope with the uncertainty.

Answer 101

* Negative (anxiety or fear) * Positive (excitement, or maintain hope) * Neutral (no emotional appeal--this occurs when the uncertainty is not RELEVANT to us). * Combined (both positive and negative) ## Footnote

Answer 102

-Incongruent, characterized by goal relevance, goal incongruity and usually/not always involves negative reactions. The uncertainty is relevant to you, incongruent with your goals and you have negative reactions to your theory. Danger appraisals don’t have to be 100% negative, only have a PREPONDERANCE of negative emotional reaction.

Answer 103

-It is goal relevant, goal congruent (the uncertainty is seen as congruent with your goals), and positive emotion reactions. These kinds of uncertainty give us hope or make us excited (having a crush). These don’t have to be 100% positive, only have a PREPONDERANCE of positive emotional reaction. ## Footnote

Answer 104

• Can be active (Ask people questions) • Can be passive (Seek to observe information) • To maintain or increase uncertainty, people can avoid information • Intentional forgetting is used to avoid uncertainty • People will also use information seeking and avoiding to increase uncertainty. o (Ex. Second opinion from a different doctor) • UMT says that if we view uncertainty as a DANGER APPRAISAL, then the communication techniques we will use will be focused on decreasing uncertainty. If we view the uncertainty as an OPPORTUNITY APPRAISAL, we will either try to increase or maintain our uncertainty. UMT tries to predict what communication behaviors we will use based on our appraisal of uncertainty. ## Footnote

Answer 105

-“How do we know what things mean in communication?”

Answer 106

-The phrase nonverbal behavior can encompass a lot of stuff. It’s everything that doesn’t involve language

Answer 107

• **Paralanguage-** (nonverbal cues) when we speak, volume, speed, pitch and tone) o Example: With varying Volume, I can communicate something completely different with the same set of language. Also can change intonation. Remember “He’s giving THIS money to Bob,” “He’s giving this money to BOB?” • Think of sarcasm. Sarcasm doesn’t work without intonation • **Body Motion-** (kinesics) eye contact, posture, **• Appearance-** Things we notice about the body in STASIS. Includes things like height, weight, things we don’t necessarily have control over. Skin color. Clothing, perfume. Not movement, but they still have consequences in Nonverbal communication. • **Use of Space**- (proxemics) how close is too close Ex: bathroom etiquette o Example: Interpersonal distance. How close people are in differing circumstances. Maybe someone has been too close to you? Maybe they are a close talker? How close, is too close? It depends on a lot of factors like the intimacy of the relationship, context. How close you are in a grocery line, is different than how close you stand next to each other in the bathroom. It’s about our perception and our use of space. o Sitting in a movie theater that’s completely empty except you. Someone sits right next to you. Do you get up and leave? It would be weird, it would be a violation of what your expectations are. ## Footnote

Answer 108

No! There are some nonverbal behaviors that have universal meanings (eyebrow flash) ## Footnote

Answer 109

• Yes.You cannot divorce a nonverbal from its context. If you flash your eyebrows at someone in America, it’s simply a greeting. If you flash your eyebrows at someone in the East, while it is still considered a greeting, it is read as a LEWD greeting, implying the desire for a sexual encounter.

Answer 110

• Yes, for example flashing eyebrows and facial expressions • The research that’s established that universal is not culturally specific. o Universal greeting: Eyebrow flash. UNIVERSAL ELEMENTS: The intimacy implied by that flash is different. In some places it’s lewd. In America we do it to just about anyone.

Answer 111

* Not all non verbals are communication * Example: Sitting in a chair and you’re leaning back. Someone starts putting their hands in their mouth…(DENTIST)

Answer 112

• No. NVBs occur in clusters. If you try to separate a NVB from the cluster, then you are not getting a complete picture of the situation. • We can’t study nonverbals in isolation. We must think of them as clusters. o Example: Secret service agents could guess 85% of the time correct if people were right. Most guessed 50/50. They look for clusters. They don’t look for just one thing. • You can’t look at a nonverbal in isolation, deciphering what a nonverbal message means is not simple

Answer 113

• We tend to be good (except for when it comes to deception).

Answer 114

• Deception is very complicated and it requires us to look at the whole cluster of nonverbals. Also, NVBs give us hints as to the emotional state of a person, but not really WHY they are feeling that way, so sometimes we may be able to tell that someone is uncomfortable, but we cannot read NVBs with enough complexity to know whether or not they are uncomfortable because they are being deceptive.

Answer 115

• We communicate with an expectation of what’s going to happen. Expectancies involve a range of behaviors. • Explains how we make sense of interaction, in particular nonverbals, by focusing on situations that are odd. • When you communicate with someone you have preconceived notions of how the interaction is going to go. o They are based on who the people interacting are, what the relationship between them are, what the context is. • Pays particular attention to when preconceived notions are violated!!!! • These expectancies come from social norms, culture. o Example: In America, we generally have a spatial expectancy that people will stay around 8 feet away from us when in conversation o Example: In Western societies and eye contact. There isn’t a particular moment. 5 seconds is wayyyy too long. It’s about 30 microseconds. But it’s a range!

Answer 116

* 1. Who the communicators are * 2. What the relationship is * 3. What the context. * Also informed by culture and society

Answer 117

* You can react in different ways, such as reciprocation and compensation. * Also, expectancies occur over a range, not a definitive line. So our personal space bubble is generally 8 feet, but if you are one inch closer or one inch further than eight feet away, it’s not a big deal--our expectancies cover a range (8 feet, give or take a few) and are not cut and dry. ## Footnote

Answer 118

• An expectancy violation would be some noticeable change in immediacy behaviors. EX: Seinfeld clip of Aaron the “Close Talker”. Also, we might not mind if someone is really close to us if we are in crowded elevator, but in an empty room, it would be weird to have someone walk in and stand right up against us.

Answer 119

An expectancy violation would be some noticeable change in immediacy behaviors; a violation of the preconceived notion of how participants will act at a certain level of connectedness or intimacy

Answer 120

• Reciprocation- Refers to matching the immediacy behaviors. • Compensation- We contradict the immediacy behaviors in some way. • Three steps: o 1. We NOTICE o 2. We EVALUATE o 3. We are AROUSED physically by the violation ## Footnote

Answer 121

* An immediacy is a cluster of NVBs that indicate the level of connection between participants. * Immediacy Violations are important in communication because they help us signal and recognize changes such as from the past and changes in the identity we are trying to project, and changes in the relationship. * An immediacy violation might occur when someone stands too close to you or treats you too intimately when you don’t know them that well. * Example: trained a man to say the same thing every time and is supposed to hit on 120 women. Half he touched the arm, and half the case he didn’t. They replicated this on the street.

Answer 122

* If the response we see is reciprocation we will see a matching. This doesn’t have to occur in the same specific channel or nonverbal, ie. if someone touches us, we don’t have to touch them back to reciprocate. We may just step closer or orient our bodies toward them as an act of “matching.” * Reciprocation: We tend to behave in a way that reinforces the violation. So if someone touches us intimately, we might maintain eye contact or lean in closer to show approval of the violation. * Compensation: We react negatively to the violation and try to compensate by reacting in the opposite. So if someone stands really close to us in an elevator, we might step back if we can, or look down at our phones.

Answer 123

What is our relationship and what is expected of people with our kind of relationship. So if you are in a new relationship with someone and they kiss you in public, even though you might view that as a violation of immediacy, since you are in a romantic relationship you might be expected to reciprocate.

Answer 124

What is the situation? I might not normally greet someone with a hug, but at a family Christmas party this might be expected in the situation.

Answer 125

What does my culture say about the way I should react? In some cultures, touching is not a big deal, while in others it is.

Answer 126

Will I potentially get something out of reciprocating this violation? People of higher status, or whom we are attracted to, are more likely to get us to reciprocate. This is why sexual harassment is such a problem in offices--women will reciprocate the violations of a superior because the benefit (not getting fired) outweighs the cost (of possibly getting fired).

Answer 127

* The central premise is that people are naturally accommodating and cooperative in their communication with each other. This idea makes lying possible (because we generally just assume people are cooperating with us and telling the truth), and also makes communication easier. * Cooperative principle: We want to be understood and we want to understand. This assumption undergirds all of our interaction. Put another way, accommodation refers to the basic idea that in our communication we try to be cooperative. We try to adapt to our listener.

Answer 128

• Convergence, Divergence, and Maintenance patterns

Answer 129

the interaction partners will become increasingly similar in their actions, this is the essence of accommodation. It has been documented with lots of different communication theory, speech rate, pauses, the use of jokes, head nodding, posture. Way of accommodating to other listeners. A growing similarity of interactants. Acting in similar ways with interacting partners. Accent matching with someone British, etc.

Answer 130

we see people becoming increasingly different in their communication patterns. o Ex: Study set up between Englishmen and Welshmen, where the English. Usually used to prove that you are DIFFERENT from someone else--make a distinction.

Answer 131

no noticeable convergence or divergence occurs. ## Footnote

Answer 132

• Upwards versus downward: o Patterns can shift up towards social norms, they can also shift down away from social norms. o A shift upwards would include using polite language, becoming more proper in posture, or not using slang. o Upward—towards high culture, politeness norms. • Breakfast Club: Nerds use of politeness to the authority figure. o Downward—Low culture, slang, informality. • Breakfast Club: The nerd say “This is the shits, huh?” ## Footnote

Answer 133

o Convergence doesn’t necessarily mean you are going to do something the same way as somebody else, and divergence doesn’t necessarily mean you are going to do something the opposite as somebody else. It is possible to partially converge and diverge at the same time. • Example of Hyper: Study of assisted living facilities. They went into multiple nursing homes and they noticed hyper accommodation between staff and the older people. The staff uses baby talk, speaks very loudly. They attempt at convergence. But it’s so over the top that in the end it’s ineffective.

Answer 134

o Unimodal is when one aspect of their behavior is converging and multimodal is when you are converging more than one behavior at once. • Example: If you’re sitting and listening to someone, you might match their eye gaze or orient towards them. You might not sit close to them or mimic parts of their speech. o The important idea here is that you can converge through some modes or behaviors and, AT THE SAME TIME, diverge in other modes or behaviors.

Answer 135

o One can try to converge communication to another, but when they other person diverges it becomes asymmetrical. Symmetrical would be both parties converging, diverging or maintaining. o Symmetrical: becoming similar. Both of them. Or both changing away from each other. o Asymmetrical: Breakfast club: Nerd converges towards the rebels behavior, but the rebel just stares back.

Answer 136

o We can try to describe these patterns we see objectively. Individuals in acting these behaviors have their own understanding of these behaviors differently from outside perspective, thus making it subjective. ## Footnote

Answer 137

* We tend to converge toward people we are attracted to (whether it be physically, mentally, or emotionally). * We tend to converge toward people with power or authority (UNLESS we ourselves are trying to prove our own power or authority, in which case we will diverge away from them, Example: Judd Nelson’s character in The Breakfast Club was trying to prove his own authority and status, so he diverged from the principal.)

Answer 138

• Social Identity- we use convergence and divergence to manage our social identity. Who we are is in part defined by who we affiliate/socialize with, groups and organizations. • Example: We are all Aggies. One way to express this social identity is by converging towards what we think it means to be an Aggie. At a sporting event we usually yell, whoop, stand, we wear maroon.—Red Ass. o We sometimes diverge as showing we have a difference or separation.—2%er

Answer 139

* An Emic approach is a focus on aspects of communication that are particular to a culture (inside culture) (Tip! EM is a couple letters from IN—inside) * Etic approach is a focus of aspects of communication that would be true across cultures (outside culture).

Answer 140

* EVT and CAT focus more on an Etic approach * CMM focus more on an Emic approach * Etic; Emic

Answer 141

• NO. These theories tend to lend themselves to one approach or another.

Answer 142

Cultures are like Russian nesting dolls. Every culture contains other cultures and every culture exists inside larger cultures. For example, you can say “I am Western” meaning that you are from America, Europe, or South America. Then WITHIN that culture, you can specify “I am America,” then within that culture you can say “I am Texan,” and so on. ## Footnote This is important because within any given culture, there will be variations, because all cultures contain other cultures. Any culture you choose, at any level, will contain others.

Answer 143

Yes. In fact, every person, by the very definition of culture (that all cultures contain other cultures) MUST exist inside numerous cultures. You can be Hispanic and Catholic (two different cultural identities), or you can be Hispanic and Protestant, so on and so forth.

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This ensures that we don’t oversimplify our notions of what cultures are and what they mean. We can’t say “All Japanese people do this,” because we are aware that within Japanese culture, there are several other cultures that may or may not act in the same fashion. Or that some people in that culture might also be part of other cultures that cause them to act differently. ## Footnote

Answer 145

A speech code is a historically-enacted, culturally-created system of terms, meanings, premises, and rules that inform our communication conduct. ## Footnote A speech community is ANY distinctive cultural community that has its own way of speaking Speech codes are inherently connected to speech communities, because ANY distinctive community (and EVERY distinctive community) will have its own speech code.

Answer 146

It takes a very BROAD meaning of speech community, because EVERY community that is distinctive and has its own way of speaking is considered a speech community Ex: • Aggies (we have our own lexicon of whooping and hissing, etc.) • Teamsters (Teamsterville was a blue-collar, working class town that had its own terms, meanings, and rules of communication) • Scientists (particular fields have particular terms and definitions they use).

Answer 147

Diglossia occurs when an ENTIRE COMMUNITY has use of two languages that coexist within the community. THIS IS DIFFERENT FROM BILINGUALISM, because bilingualism refers to a single person, whereas diglossia occurs in a community. • Usually there is one language used for everyday use and one for formal occasions. • Haiti uses both French and Creole • Norwegians use both local Norwegian and formal Norwegian depending on the topic of conversation--business versus small talk.

Answer 148

Code-switching occurs when people who speak numerous speech codes switch back and forth. This can occur in a single interaction and can be strategic or systematic. • Canadian border patrol saying “Gig ‘Em” • You might speak one way to your friends when driving home from a bar, but if you get pulled over by a cop you will switch codes to become more polite/formal.

Answer 149

Yes--the Norwegian person dropping off something at a post office might speak a local dialect to chit-chat with the worker, but as soon as they switch to talking about business, they will switch to formal Norwegian.

Answer 150

Nope. The example of code-switching from speaking one way with your friends in the car and one way with a cop who pulls you over is an example of code switching while still speaking the same language. ## Footnote Ex: If I am talking to friends in my major, I might use the language of my academic field, like “problematic assertions” or “tendentious handling of social issues,” but when I am with my parents, I simplify my language.

Answer 151

When the speech code of the person DOING the behavior differs from those interpreting the behavior, there will be different interpretations. An American family might view his huge helpings as him having a hearty appetite and might be a compliment to the cook. The Chinese family, however, saw it as selfish and impolite.

Answer 152

No. They GUIDE our behavior, but they don’t determine it. Say you live in a community where the speech code says that you ALWAYS bow to your elders. Then say you have a falling out with your parents and they kick you out of the house. The next time you see them, you CHOOSE not to bow to them in order to make a statement. Even though the speech code says you bow to your elders, you can still make a choice as to whether you do it or not.

Answer 153

the practical art of disclosure; • social exigency requiring collective deliberation and judgement

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intersubjective mediation by signs; • Misunderstanding or gap between subjective viewpoints

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experience of otherness; dialogue • how we experience “otherness” through dialogue--coming to understand varying perspectives through speaking to others

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• information processing Noise, overload; a malfunction or “bug” in a system

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- expression, interaction, and influence • situation requiring manipulation of causes of behavior to achieve specified outcomes

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Re)production of social order conflict, alienation, misalignment; failure of coordination

Answer 159

discursive reflection • Hegemonic ideology; systematically distorted speech situation

Answer 160

1. Wherever there is a distinctive culture, there is a distinctive speech code. 2. In any given community, multiple speech codes are deployed. 3. A speech code involves a culturally distinctive psychology, sociology, and rhetoric. 4. The significance of speaking depends on the speech codes used by LISTENERS to create and interpret their communication. 5. Speech codes must be discovered through observation of talk. 6. Speech codes guide and constrain behavior, but they do not have deterministic force. ## Footnote

Answer 161

Speech codes are distinctive because they are particular to a culture or community. They seperate a community from the rest of the world. If EVERYONE used the same speech codes, we would have no distinctive cultures or speech communities.

Answer 162

, etic approaches are more objective--you can learn about communication behaviors by observing the way people interact and collecting data. For emic approaches, it’s more subjective--you actually have to “imbed” yourself within and culture or immerse yourself within a culture to understand them.

Answer 163

etic approaches are more realist--they try to create universal laws and behaviors across all cultures to explain behaviors. Emic approaches are more social constructionist--they view a community, society, or culture as creating their own meaning, definitions, and signs together, as a group.

Answer 164

etic approaches tend to try to get rid of values. The goal with etic approaches is to come up with a theory that SPANS cultures and is universal, so we must rid ourselves of individual values that may be attached to our cultures. Etic approaches want what people IN GENERAL do, not what people with certain values from certain cultures do. Emic approaches embrace values associated with singular cultures. The idea is to understand a PARTICULAR culture, so you must take that culture’s values into account.

Unit 1 study guide questions Flashcards

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